Sport as one of the preventive factors of osteoporosis - a literature review

Abstract

Introduction: Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by reduced bone mass and deterioration of bone microarchitecture, leading to increased fracture risk. Its prevalence continues to rise with population aging, and osteoporotic fractures-particularly of the hip, vertebrae, and distal radius-represent a major cause of disability and mortality in older adults. Lifestyle factors play a crucial role in the development and progression of the disease, with physical inactivity identified as one of the key modifiable risk factors. Evidence indicates that appropriately designed physical activity, especially resistance and weight-bearing training, can effectively improve bone mineral density, reduce fall risk, and contribute to long-term fracture prevention. This review summarizes current knowledge on osteoporosis with particular emphasis on the role of sport and structured physical activity in its prevention.

Purpose of work: The purpose of this article is to review current scientific literature regarding the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, and clinical consequences of osteoporosis, with a particular emphasis on the role of physical activity and sports as preventive measures. The work aims to summarize evidence on exercise interventions effective in improving bone mineral density and reducing fracture risk in at-risk populations.

Materials and methods: An analysis of scientific articles available on PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted using the following keywords: osteoporosis, weight-bearing exercise, fracture prevention, aging, postmenopausal women, fall risk, musculoskeletal health, vitamin D, calcium, bone metabolism, epidemiology, risk factors, preventive medicine

Results: The reviewed literature confirms that physical activity is a key factor in maintaining bone health and preventing osteoporosis progression. Resistance and weight-bearing exercises consistently improve or preserve bone mineral density, particularly in the femoral neck and lumbar spine. Multimodal programs combining strength, balance, and mobility training show superior effects compared with low-intensity activities such as swimming or recreational walking. Regular exercise also enhances muscle strength, balance, and coordination, leading to a reduced risk of falls-one of the primary causes of osteoporotic fractures. High-impact sports are associated with higher BMD, while supervised resistance training is especially effective for older adults.