The Impact of physical activity and related factors on the risk of melanoma development and progression of the disease - A literature review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/QS.2025.43.62381Keywords
melanoma, physical activity, exercise, skin cancerAbstract
Introduction
In 2020, around 325,000 new melanoma cases were diagnosed globally, with 57,000 resulting deaths. The highest incidence was observed in Australia and New Zealand, while much lower rates occurred in African and Asian countries. Melanoma was generally more common in males. The global rise in melanoma—possibly linked to increased travel and tanning device use—calls for identification of modifiable risk factors and predictors. Lifestyle elements, especially physical activity and body weight, play a major role in cancer risk and progression.
Purpose of research
This review aims to explore how physical activity and related factors affect melanoma risk and disease progression. It also examines sun-protection awareness, behaviors, and melanoma risk among outdoor athletes.
Materials and methods
In 2025, a literature review was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, focusing on English-language studies analyzing the link between amateur or professional physical activity and melanoma. Search terms included "physical activity," "exercise," "athletes," "melanoma," and "photoprotection."
Summary
Numerous preclinical studies examine the influence of physical activity on the tumor microenvironment. Another key focus is the impact of exercise on melanoma patients undergoing immunotherapy. Epidemiological data emphasize sun exposure as a major risk factor, particularly for physically active individuals. Therefore, consistent use of sun protection is essential from an early age, especially for both professional and recreational athletes. Primary care physicians should conduct regular skin exams for active individuals, particularly swimmers. Future research should explore both behavioral and biological mechanisms and determine whether physical activity independently affects melanoma risk markers, such as telomere length and naevus count.
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