The Role of Microbial Factors in the Pathogenesis of Male Infertility: A Literature Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/QS.2025.43.61402Keywords
male infertility, urogenital microbiota, gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, reproductive tract infections, seminal microbiomeAbstract
Purpose: Male infertility is a multifactorial condition with microbial infections emerging as significant yet under-recognized contributors. This review aims to explore the role of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in male infertility and to examine the intrinsic defense mechanisms of the male reproductive tract that are critical in preventing microbial invasion and preserving fertility.
Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed sources from databases such as PubMed and Scopus. The analysis focused on recent findings (2005–2024) concerning microbial pathogenesis in the male reproductive system, seminal microbiota composition, and host defense mechanisms including immune responses and physical barriers.
Findings: Both gram-positive (Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria negatively affect sperm quality by inducing oxidative stress, producing toxins, triggering chronic inflammation, and disrupting the blood-testis barrier. Protective mechanisms such as antimicrobial peptides, immunomodulatory cytokines (e.g., TGF-β, IL-10), and the commensal microbiota play a vital role in preserving sperm function. Dysbiosis and persistent infections can compromise these defenses, leading to decreased fertility potential.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Piotr Rzyczniok, Aneta Rasińska, Weronika Rasińska, Anna Rzyczniok, Justyna Matusik, Natalia Pasierb, Sebastian Kupisiak, Aneta Rostkowska, Paulina Bala, Anna Rebizak, Justyna Jachimczak, Mateusz Kopczyński
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