Gut Microbiota in Rheumatic Diseases Pathogenic Role and Therapeutic Potential
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/QS.2025.43.61394Keywords
gut microbiota, rheumatic diseases, dysbiosis, immune system, Microbiota-Targeted TherapiesAbstract
The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's homeostasis, and its imbalance—referred to as dysbiosis—is increasingly associated with the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatic disorders. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the complex interactions between the gut microbiota and the immune system, which may influence the development and progression of conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Psoriatic arthritis (PsA)
The aim of this paper is to analyze the current state of knowledge regarding the relationship between the gut microbiota and rheumatic diseases, with particular emphasis on the immunological mechanisms involved. The work presents examples of alterations in gut microbial composition in patients with selected rheumatic conditions and explores the possible consequences of these changes for immune system function.
Furthermore, the paper discusses potential therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the gut microbiota, including the use of probiotics, prebiotics, dietary interventions, and the innovative approach of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). By reviewing available studies, the paper evaluates the efficacy and safety of these methods and outlines directions for future research in the context of microbiota-targeted therapies as supportive treatment options for rheumatic diseases.
References
[1] Gori S, Inno A, Belluomini L, Bocus P, Bisoffi Z, Russo A, Arcaro G. Gut microbiota and cancer: How gut microbiota modulates activity, efficacy and toxicity of antitumoral therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2019 Nov;143:139-147. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.09.003. Epub 2019 Sep 20. PMID: 31634731.
[2] Mousavinasab F, Karimi R, Taheri S, Ahmadvand F, Sanaaee S, Najafi S, Halvaii MS, Haghgoo A, Zamany M, Majidpoor J, Khosravifar M, Baniasadi M, Talebi M, Movafagh A, Aghaei-Zarch SM, Khorram N, Farnia P, Kalhor K. Microbiome modulation in inflammatory diseases: Progress to microbiome genetic engineering. Cancer Cell Int. 2023 Nov 11;23(1):271. doi: 10.1186/s12935-023-03095-2. PMID: 37951913; PMCID: PMC10640760.
[3] Zhang W, Ye Y, Song J, Sang T, Xia T, Xie L, Qiu X, Zeng Q, Luo X. Research Progress of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Parkinson's Disease. J Integr Neurosci. 2023 Oct 30;22(6):157. doi: 10.31083/j.jin2206157. PMID: 38176929.
[4] Requena T, Velasco M. The human microbiome in sickness and in health. Rev Clin Esp (Barc). 2021 Apr;221(4):233-240. doi: 10.1016/j.rceng.2019.07.018. Epub 2020 Jan 25. PMID: 33998505.
[5] Wastyk HC, Fragiadakis GK, Perelman D, Dahan D, Merrill BD, Yu FB, Topf M, Gonzalez CG, Van Treuren W, Han S, Robinson JL, Elias JE, Sonnenburg ED, Gardner CD, Sonnenburg JL. Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status. Cell. 2021 Aug 5;184(16):4137-4153.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.019. Epub 2021 Jul 12. PMID: 34256014; PMCID: PMC9020749.
[6] Martinez-Medina M, Denizot J, Dreux N, Robin F, Billard E, Bonnet R, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Barnich N. Western diet induces dysbiosis with increased E coli in CEABAC10 mice, alters host barrier function favouring AIEC colonisation. Gut. 2014 Jan;63(1):116-24. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304119. Epub 2013 Apr 18. PMID: 23598352.
[7] Dominguez-Bello MG, Godoy-Vitorino F, Knight R, Blaser MJ. Role of the microbiome in human development. Gut. 2019 Jun;68(6):1108-1114. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317503. Epub 2019 Jan 22. PMID: 30670574; PMCID: PMC6580755.
[8] Kimura I, Ichimura A, Ohue-Kitano R, Igarashi M. Free Fatty Acid Receptors in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev. 2020 Jan 1;100(1):171-210. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2018. Epub 2019 Sep 5. PMID: 31487233.
[9] Jiao Y, Wu L, Huntington ND, Zhang X. Crosstalk Between Gut Microbiota and Innate Immunity and Its Implication in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol. 2020 Feb 21;11:282. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00282. PMID: 32153586; PMCID: PMC7047319.
[10] Zheng D, Liwinski T, Elinav E. Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease. Cell Res. 2020 Jun;30(6):492-506. doi: 10.1038/s41422-020-0332-7. Epub 2020 May 20. PMID: 32433595; PMCID: PMC7264227.
[11] Vancamelbeke M, Vermeire S. The intestinal barrier: a fundamental role in health and disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Sep;11(9):821-834. doi: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1343143. Epub 2017 Jun 26. PMID: 28650209; PMCID: PMC6104804.
[12] Kau AL, Ahern PP, Griffin NW, Goodman AL, Gordon JI. Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system. Nature. 2011 Jun 15;474(7351):327-36. doi: 10.1038/nature10213. PMID: 21677749; PMCID: PMC3298082.
[13] Soderholm AT, Pedicord VA. Intestinal epithelial cells: at the interface of the microbiota and mucosal immunity. Immunology. 2019 Dec;158(4):267-280. doi: 10.1111/imm.13117. Epub 2019 Oct 4. PMID: 31509239; PMCID: PMC6856932.
[14] McComb S, Thiriot A, Akache B, Krishnan L, Stark F. Introduction to the immune system. Immunoproteomics: Methods Protoc. (2019), 1–24.
[15] Ullah H, Arbab S, Tian Y, Chen Y, Liu CQ, Li Q, Li K. Crosstalk between gut microbiota and host immune system and its response to traumatic injury. Front Immunol. 2024 Jul 31;15:1413485. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1413485. PMID: 39144142; PMCID: PMC11321976.
[16] Frazzei G, van Vollenhoven RF, de Jong BA, Siegelaar SE, van Schaardenburg D. Preclinical Autoimmune Disease: a Comparison of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Multiple Sclerosis and Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol. 2022 Jun 30;13:899372. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899372. PMID: 35844538; PMCID: PMC9281565.
[17] Jubair WK, Hendrickson JD, Severs EL, Schulz HM, Adhikari S, Ir D, Pagan JD, Anthony RM, Robertson CE, Frank DN, Banda NK, Kuhn KA. Modulation of Inflammatory Arthritis in Mice by Gut Microbiota Through Mucosal Inflammation and Autoantibody Generation. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2018 Aug;70(8):1220-1233. doi: 10.1002/art.40490. Epub 2018 Jul 2. PMID: 29534332; PMCID: PMC6105374.
[18] Bellando-Randone S, Russo E, Venerito V, Matucci-Cerinic M, Iannone F, Tangaro S, Amedei A. Exploring the Oral Microbiome in Rheumatic Diseases, State of Art and Future Prospective in Personalized Medicine with an AI Approach. J Pers Med. 2021 Jun 30;11(7):625. doi: 10.3390/jpm11070625. PMID: 34209167; PMCID: PMC8306274.
[19] Van de Wiele T, Van Praet JT, Marzorati M, Drennan MB, Elewaut D. How the microbiota shapes rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2016 Jul;12(7):398-411. doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.85. Epub 2016 Jun 16. PMID: 27305853.
[20] Chen B, Sun L, Zhang X. Integration of microbiome and epigenome to decipher the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun. 2017 Sep;83:31-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.03.009. Epub 2017 Mar 23. PMID: 28342734.
[21] Scherer HU, Häupl T, Burmester GR. The etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. J Autoimmun. 2020 Jun;110:102400. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102400. Epub 2020 Jan 22. PMID: 31980337.
[22] Esberg A, Johansson L, Johansson I, Dahlqvist SR. Oral Microbiota Identifies Patients in Early Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis. Microorganisms. 2021 Aug 3;9(8):1657. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9081657. PMID: 34442739; PMCID: PMC8400434.
[23] Shin C, Kim YK. Autoimmunity in microbiome-mediated diseases and novel therapeutic approaches. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2019 Dec;49:34-42. doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.04.018. Epub 2019 May 24. PMID: 31129556.
[24] Zhang X, Chen BD, Zhao LD, Li H. The Gut Microbiota: Emerging Evidence in Autoimmune Diseases. Trends Mol Med. 2020 Sep;26(9):862-873. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.04.001. Epub 2020 May 10. PMID: 32402849.
[25] Wang Y, Yin Y, Chen X, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Li Y, Wang X, Chen H, Xiang C. Induction of Intestinal Th17 Cells by Flagellins From Segmented Filamentous Bacteria. Front Immunol. 2019 Nov 22;10:2750. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02750. PMID: 31824516; PMCID: PMC6883716.
[26] Chen X, Oppenheim JJ. Th17 cells and Tregs: unlikely allies. J Leukoc Biol. 2014 May;95(5):723-731. doi: 10.1189/jlb.1213633. Epub 2014 Feb 21. PMID: 24563509; PMCID: PMC3984971.
[27] Cheng H, Guan X, Chen D, Ma W. The Th17/Treg Cell Balance: A Gut Microbiota-Modulated Story. Microorganisms. 2019 Nov 20;7(12):583. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms7120583. PMID: 31756956; PMCID: PMC6956175.
[28] Zhang X, Chen BD, Zhao LD, Li H. The Gut Microbiota: Emerging Evidence in Autoimmune Diseases. Trends Mol Med. 2020 Sep;26(9):862-873. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.04.001. Epub 2020 May 10. PMID: 32402849.
[29] Li Y, Zhang SX, Yin XF, Zhang MX, Qiao J, Xin XH, Chang MJ, Gao C, Li YF, Li XF. The Gut Microbiota and Its Relevance to Peripheral Lymphocyte Subpopulations and Cytokines in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Immunol Res. 2021 Jan 8;2021:6665563. doi: 10.1155/2021/6665563. PMID: 33506059; PMCID: PMC7810541.
[30] Zhang X, Chen BD, Zhao LD, Li H. The Gut Microbiota: Emerging Evidence in Autoimmune Diseases. Trends Mol Med. 2020 Sep;26(9):862-873. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.04.001. Epub 2020 May 10. PMID: 32402849.
[31] Brandl C, Bucci L, Schett G, Zaiss MM. Crossing the barriers: Revisiting the gut feeling in rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Immunol. 2021 Apr;51(4):798-810. doi: 10.1002/eji.202048876. Epub 2021 Feb 25. PMID: 33594693.
[32] Pacifici R. T cells, osteoblasts, and osteocytes: interacting lineages key for the bone anabolic and catabolic activities of parathyroid hormone. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016 Jan;1364(1):11-24. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12969. Epub 2015 Dec 10. PMID: 26662934; PMCID: PMC4803611.
[33] Chen J, Wright K, Davis JM, Jeraldo P, Marietta EV, Murray J, Nelson H, Matteson EL, Taneja V. An expansion of rare lineage intestinal microbes characterizes rheumatoid arthritis. Genome Med. 2016 Apr 21;8(1):43. doi: 10.1186/s13073-016-0299-7. PMID: 27102666; PMCID: PMC4840970.
[34] Zhou L, Zhang M, Wang Y, Dorfman RG, Liu H, Yu T, Chen X, Tang D, Xu L, Yin Y, Pan Y, Zhou Q, Zhou Y, Yu C. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Produces Butyrate to Maintain Th17/Treg Balance and to Ameliorate Colorectal Colitis by Inhibiting Histone Deacetylase 1. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018 Aug 16;24(9):1926-1940. doi: 10.1093/ibd/izy182. PMID: 29796620.
[35] Matei DE, Menon M, Alber DG, Smith AM, Nedjat-Shokouhi B, Fasano A, Magill L, Duhlin A, Bitoun S, Gleizes A, Hacein-Bey-Abina S, Manson JJ, Rosser EC; ABIRISK Consortium; Klein N, Blair PA, Mauri C. Intestinal barrier dysfunction plays an integral role in arthritis pathology and can be targeted to ameliorate disease. Med. 2021 Jul 9;2(7):864-883.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.medj.2021.04.013. PMID: 34296202; PMCID: PMC8280953.
[36] Han S, Zhuang H, Shumyak S, Yang L, Reeves WH. Mechanisms of autoantibody production in systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol. 2015 May 13;6:228. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00228. PMID: 26029213; PMCID: PMC4429614.
[37] Deng Y, Tsao BP. Updates in Lupus Genetics. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2017 Oct 5;19(11):68. doi: 10.1007/s11926-017-0695-z. PMID: 28983873.
[38] Parks CG, de Souza Espindola Santos A, Barbhaiya M, Costenbader KH. Understanding the role of environmental factors in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2017 Jun;31(3):306-320. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2017.09.005. Epub 2017 Oct 21. PMID: 29224673; PMCID: PMC5729939.
[39] He Z, Shao T, Li H, Xie Z, Wen C. Alterations of the gut microbiome in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Gut Pathog. 2016 Dec 8;8:64. doi: 10.1186/s13099-016-0146-9. PMID: 27980687; PMCID: PMC5146896.
[40] Azzouz D, Omarbekova A, Heguy A, Schwudke D, Gisch N, Rovin BH, Caricchio R, Buyon JP, Alekseyenko AV, Silverman GJ. Lupus nephritis is linked to disease-activity associated expansions and immunity to a gut commensal. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019 Jul;78(7):947-956. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214856. Epub 2019 Feb 19. PMID: 30782585; PMCID: PMC6585303.
[41] Assimakopoulos SF, Triantos C, Thomopoulos K, Fligou F, Maroulis I, Marangos M, Gogos CA. Gut-origin sepsis in the critically ill patient: pathophysiology and treatment. Infection. 2018 Dec;46(6):751-760. doi: 10.1007/s15010-018-1178-5. Epub 2018 Jul 12. PMID: 30003491.
[42] Martin-Gallausiaux C, Larraufie P, Jarry A, Béguet-Crespel F, Marinelli L, Ledue F, Reimann F, Blottière HM, Lapaque N. Butyrate Produced by Commensal Bacteria Down-Regulates Indolamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1) Expression via a Dual Mechanism in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol. 2018 Dec 11;9:2838. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02838. PMID: 30619249; PMCID: PMC6297836.
[43] Azzouz D, Omarbekova A, Heguy A, Schwudke D, Gisch N, Rovin BH, Caricchio R, Buyon JP, Alekseyenko AV, Silverman GJ. Lupus nephritis is linked to disease-activity associated expansions and immunity to a gut commensal. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019 Jul;78(7):947-956. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214856. Epub 2019 Feb 19. PMID: 30782585; PMCID: PMC6585303.
[44] Li R, Meng X, Chen B, Zhao L, Zhang X. Gut Microbiota in Lupus: a Butterfly Effect? Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2021 Apr 16;23(4):27. doi: 10.1007/s11926-021-00986-z. PMID: 33864162.
[45] FitzGerald O, Ogdie A, Chandran V, Coates LC, Kavanaugh A, Tillett W, Leung YY, deWit M, Scher JU, Mease PJ. Psoriatic arthritis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021 Aug 12;7(1):59. doi: 10.1038/s41572-021-00293-y. PMID: 34385474.
[46] Scotti L, Franchi M, Marchesoni A, Corrao G. Prevalence and incidence of psoriatic arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2018 Aug;48(1):28-34. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2018.01.003. Epub 2018 Jan 6. PMID: 29398124.
[47] Coates LC, Soriano ER, Corp N, Bertheussen H, Callis Duffin K, Campanholo CB, Chau J, Eder L, Fernández-Ávila DG, FitzGerald O, Garg A, Gladman DD, Goel N, Helliwell PS, Husni ME, Jadon DR, Katz A, Laheru D, Latella J, Leung YY, Lindsay C, Lubrano E, Mazzuoccolo LD, Mease PJ, O'Sullivan D, Ogdie A, Olsder W, Palominos PE, Schick L, Steinkoenig I, de Wit M, van der Windt DA, Kavanaugh A; GRAPPA Treatment Recommendations domain subcommittees. Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA): updated treatment recommendations for psoriatic arthritis 2021. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2022 Aug;18(8):465-479. doi: 10.1038/s41584-022-00798-0. Epub 2022 Jun 27. Erratum in: Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2022 Dec;18(12):734. doi: 10.1038/s41584-022-00861-w. PMID: 35761070; PMCID: PMC9244095.
[48] Gupta S, Syrimi Z, Hughes DM, Zhao SS. Comorbidities in psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatol Int. 2021 Feb;41(2):275-284. doi: 10.1007/s00296-020-04775-2. Epub 2021 Jan 9. PMID: 33423070; PMCID: PMC7835184.
[49] Ikeda T, Nishida A, Yamano M, Kimura I. Short-chain fatty acid receptors and gut microbiota as therapeutic targets in metabolic, immune, and neurological diseases. Pharmacol Ther. 2022 Nov;239:108273. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108273. Epub 2022 Aug 31. PMID: 36057320.
[50] Lucas S, Omata Y, Hofmann J, Böttcher M, Iljazovic A, Sarter K, Albrecht O, Schulz O, Krishnacoumar B, Krönke G, Herrmann M, Mougiakakos D, Strowig T, Schett G, Zaiss MM. Short-chain fatty acids regulate systemic bone mass and protect from pathological bone loss. Nat Commun. 2018 Jan 4;9(1):55. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-02490-4. PMID: 29302038; PMCID: PMC5754356.
[51] Paine A, Brookes PS, Bhattacharya S, Li D, De La Luz Garcia-Hernandez M, Tausk F, Ritchlin C. Dysregulation of Bile Acids, Lipids, and Nucleotides in Psoriatic Arthritis Revealed by Unbiased Profiling of Serum Metabolites. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2023 Jan;75(1):53-63. doi: 10.1002/art.42288. Epub 2022 Nov 25. PMID: 35818333; PMCID: PMC9797425.
[52] Cholan PM, Han A, Woodie BR, Watchon M, Kurz AR, Laird AS, Britton WJ, Ye L, Holmes ZC, McCann JR, David LA, Rawls JF, Oehlers SH. Conserved anti-inflammatory effects and sensing of butyrate in zebrafish. Gut Microbes. 2020 Nov 9;12(1):1-11. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1824563. PMID: 33064972; PMCID: PMC7575005.
[53] Chaudhary PP, Conway PL, Schlundt J. Methanogens in humans: potentially beneficial or harmful for health. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2018 Apr;102(7):3095-3104. doi: 10.1007/s00253-018-8871-2. Epub 2018 Mar 1. PMID: 29497795.
[54] Scanlan PD, Shanahan F, Marchesi JR. Human methanogen diversity and incidence in healthy and diseased colonic groups using mcrA gene analysis. BMC Microbiol. 2008 May 20;8:79. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-79. PMID: 18492229; PMCID: PMC2408590.
[55] Pimentel M, Mayer AG, Park S, Chow EJ, Hasan A, Kong Y. Methane production during lactulose breath test is associated with gastrointestinal disease presentation. Dig Dis Sci. 2003 Jan;48(1):86-92. doi: 10.1023/a:1021738515885. PMID: 12645795.
[56] Wang H, Wang G, Banerjee N, Liang Y, Du X, Boor PJ, Hoffman KL, Khan MF. Aberrant Gut Microbiome Contributes to Intestinal Oxidative Stress, Barrier Dysfunction, Inflammation and Systemic Autoimmune Responses in MRL/lpr Mice. Front Immunol. 2021 Apr 12;12:651191. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.651191. PMID: 33912174; PMCID: PMC8071869.
[57] Lin P, Bach M, Asquith M, Lee AY, Akileswaran L, Stauffer P, Davin S, Pan Y, Cambronne ED, Dorris M, Debelius JW, Lauber CL, Ackermann G, Baeza YV, Gill T, Knight R, Colbert RA, Taurog JD, Van Gelder RN, Rosenbaum JT. HLA-B27 and human β2-microglobulin affect the gut microbiota of transgenic rats. PLoS One. 2014 Aug 20;9(8):e105684. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105684. PMID: 25140823; PMCID: PMC4139385.
[58] Who F. Health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria – joint FAO/WHO expert consultation. (2001), 1–34. doi: 10.1201/9781420009613.ch16
[59] Fan Z , Yang B , Ross RP , Stanton C , Zhao J , Zhang H , Chen W . The prophylactic effects of different Lactobacilli on collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Food Funct. 2020 Apr 1;11(4):3681-3694. doi: 10.1039/c9fo02556a. Epub 2020 Apr 17. PMID: 32301444.
[60] Vaghef-Mehrabany E, Alipour B, Homayouni-Rad A, Sharif SK, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Zavvari S. Probiotic supplementation improves inflammatory status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Nutrition. 2014 Apr;30(4):430-5. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.09.007. Epub 2013 Dec 17. PMID: 24355439.
[61] Pineda Mde L, Thompson SF, Summers K, de Leon F, Pope J, Reid G. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study of probiotics in active rheumatoid arthritis. Med Sci Monit. 2011 Jun;17(6):CR347-54. doi: 10.12659/msm.881808. PMID: 21629190; PMCID: PMC3539551.
[62] Fan Z , Yang B , Ross RP , Stanton C , Shi G , Zhao J , Zhang H , Chen W . Protective effects of Bifidobacterium adolescentis on collagen-induced arthritis in rats depend on timing of administration. Food Funct. 2020 May 1;11(5):4499-4511. doi: 10.1039/d0fo00077a. Epub 2020 May 8. PMID: 32383727.
[63] Jeong Y, Jhun J, Lee SY, Na HS, Choi J, Cho KH, Lee SY, Lee AR, Park SJ, You HJ, Kim JW, Park MS, Kwon B, Cho ML, Ji GE, Park SH. Therapeutic Potential of a Novel Bifidobacterium Identified Through Microbiome Profiling of RA Patients With Different RF Levels. Front Immunol. 2021 Nov 15;12:736196. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.736196. PMID: 34867956; PMCID: PMC8634832.
[64] Ji GE, Jeong Y, Fang H, Kwon B, Park SH, Cho ML, et al. Composition Containing Bifidobacterium for Alleviating, Preventing or Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis. Gangwom-do KR, Seoul KR, Republic of Korea. (2020)
[65] Balakrishnan B, Luckey D, Bodhke R, Chen J, Marietta E, Jeraldo P, Murray J, Taneja V. Prevotella histicola Protects From Arthritis by Expansion of Allobaculum and Augmenting Butyrate Production in Humanized Mice. Front Immunol. 2021 May 4;12:609644. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.609644. PMID: 34017324; PMCID: PMC8130672.
[66] Kang Y, Cai Y, Zhang X, Kong X, Su J. Altered gut microbiota in RA: implications for treatment. Z Rheumatol. 2017 Jun;76(5):451-457. English. doi: 10.1007/s00393-016-0237-5. PMID: 27909795.
[67] Abhari K, Shekarforoush SS, Hosseinzadeh S, Nazifi S, Sajedianfard J, Eskandari MH. The effects of orally administered Bacillus coagulans and inulin on prevention and progression of rheumatoid arthritis in rats. Food Nutr Res. 2016 Jul 15;60:30876. doi: 10.3402/fnr.v60.30876. PMID: 27427194; PMCID: PMC4947834.
[68] Liptak R., Gromova B., Maronek M., Gardlik R. Reverse phenotype transfer via fecal microbial transplantation in inflammatory bowel disease. Med. Hypotheses. 2019;122:41–44. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.10.017.
[69] Al K.F., Craven L.J., Gibbons S., Parvathy S.N., Wing A.C., Graf C., Parham K.A., Kerfoot S.M., Wilcox H., Burton J.P., et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation is safe and tolerable in patients with multiple sclerosis: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Mult. Scler. J.-Exp. Transl. Clin. 2022;8:20552173221086664. doi: 10.1177/20552173221086662
[70] Ianiro G., Bibbò S., Porcari S., Settanni C.R., Giambò F., Curta A.R., Quaranta G., Scaldaferri F., Masucci L., Sanguinetti M., et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent C. difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: Experience of a large-volume European FMT center. Gut Microbes. 2021;13:1994834. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1994834.
[71] Liptak R., Gromova B., Gardlik R. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation as a Tool for Therapeutic Modulation of Non-gastrointestinal Disorders. Front. Med. 2021;8:665520. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.665520
[72] Paray B.A., Albeshr M.F., Jan A.T., Rather I.A. Leaky Gut and Autoimmunity: An Intricate Balance in Individuals Health and the Diseased State. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21:9770. doi: 10.3390/ijms21249770.
[73] Tong Y., Zheng L., Qing P., Zhao H., Li Y., Su L., Zhang Q., Zhao Y., Luo Y., Liu Y. Oral Microbiota Perturbations Are Linked to High Risk for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2020;9:475. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00475
[74] Zeng J., Peng L., Zheng W., Huang F., Zhang N., Wu D., Yang Y. Fecal microbiota transplantation for rheumatoid arthritis: A case report. Clin. Case Rep. 2021;9:906–909. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.3677.
[75] Edwards V., Smith D.L., Meylan F., Tiffany L., Poncet S., Wu W.W., Phue J.-N., Santana-Quintero L., Clouse K.A., Gabay O. Analyzing the Role of Gut Microbiota on the Onset of Autoimmune Diseases Using TNFΔARE Murine Model. Microorganisms. 2022;10:73. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10010073.
[76] Pu Y., Zhang Q., Tang Z., Lu C., Wu L., Zhong Y., Chen Y., Hashimoto K., Luo Y., Liu Y. Fecal microbiota transplantation from patients with rheumatoid arthritis causes depression-like behaviors in mice through abnormal T cells activation. Transl. Psychiatry. 2022;12:223. doi: 10.1038/s41398-022-01993-z.
[77] Zhang Z., Wan H., Han J., Sun X., Yu R., Liu B., Lu C., Zhou J., Su X. Ameliorative effect of tuna elastin peptides on AIA mice by regulating the composition of intestinal microorganisms and SCFAs. J. Funct. Foods. 2022;92:105076. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105076.
[78] Hamamoto Y., Ouhara K., Munenaga S., Shoji M., Ozawa T., Hisatsune J., Kado I., Kajiya M., Matsuda S., Kawai T., et al. Effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis infection on gut dysbiosis and resultant arthritis exacerbation in mouse model. Arthritis Res. Ther. 2020;22:249. doi: 10.1186/s13075-020-02348-z.
[79] Schmidt C.J., Wenndorf K., Ebbers M., Volzke J., Müller M., Strübing J., Kriebel K., Kneitz S., Kreikemeyer B., Müller-Hilke B. Infection with Clostridioides difficile Attenuated Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice and Involved Mesenteric Treg and Th2 Polarization. Front. Immunol. 2020;11:571049. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571049.
[80] Hao X., Shang X., Liu J., Chi R., Zhang J., Xu T. The gut microbiota in osteoarthritis: Where do we stand and what can we do? Arthritis Res. Ther. 2021;23:42. doi: 10.1186/s13075-021-02427-9.
[81] Kragsnaes M.S., Sødergren S.T., Kjeldsen J., Horn H.C., Munk H.L., Pedersen J.K., Klinkby C.S., de Wit M., Ahlmark N.G., Tjørnhøj-Thomsen T., et al. Experiences and perceptions of patients with psoriatic arthritis participating in a trial of faecal microbiota transplantation: A nested qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2021;11:e039471. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039471.
[82] Kragsnaes M.S., Sødergren S.T., Kjeldsen J., Horn H.C., Munk H.L., Pedersen J.K., Klinkby C.S., de Wit M., Ahlmark N.G., Tjørnhøj-Thomsen T., et al. Experiences and perceptions of patients with psoriatic arthritis participating in a trial of faecal microbiota transplantation: A nested qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2021;11:e039471. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039471.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Bartłomiej Kusy, Maciej Dudziński, Martyna Różańska, Michał Robak, Agnieszka Bajkacz, Marcin Płonka, Mateusz Michalak
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 252
Number of citations: 0
