The impact of maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) on athletic performance and health - a review

Julia Charkot; Wojciech Bieńkowski; Bartłomiej Kusy; Michał Bieńkowski; Mikołaj Charkot; Piotr Kucharczyk; Irmina Jaszczuk; Patrycja Retman

doi:10.12775/QS.2025.43.61293

Authors

Julia Charkot Medical University of Warsaw https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1224-3251
Wojciech Bieńkowski Szpital Grochowski im. dr med. Rafała Masztaka https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1776-8862
Bartłomiej Kusy Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8355-2262
Michał Bieńkowski Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8516-0201
Mikołaj Charkot Medical University of Warsaw https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1921-9646
Piotr Kucharczyk Medical University of Warsaw https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7382-9690
Irmina Jaszczuk Medical University of Warsaw https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7504-832X
Patrycja Retman Medical University of Warsaw https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6825-5601

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12775/QS.2025.43.61293

Keywords

VO₂max, aerobic capacity, cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise physiology, health promotion, endurance training, wearable technology, physical education, public health

Abstract

Introduction and purpose: Maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) is a key indicator of aerobic capacity, widely used in sports science and clinical diagnostics. It reflects the functional efficiency of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscular systems. Given its relevance to physical performance and health risk prediction, VO₂max has become a central focus in exercise physiology and preventive medicine. The aim of this study is to review current literature on the physiological determinants, assessment methods, modifiability, and clinical implications of VO₂max.

Material and method: A narrative review of literature published between 2000 and 2024 was performed using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Search terms included: “VO₂max,” “cardiorespiratory fitness,” “aerobic capacity,” “exercise testing,” and “training.” Eligible studies involved human participants and addressed either physiological mechanisms, measurement techniques, interventions, or the role of VO₂max in disease risk. Non-peer-reviewed and animal studies were excluded.

Results: VO₂max is influenced by genetic, physiological, and environmental factors, and can be improved through structured endurance and high-intensity interval training. Direct and indirect assessment methods, including laboratory testing and wearable devices, offer various levels of accuracy and accessibility. VO₂max is also strongly associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality risk, especially in clinical and aging populations.

Conclusions: VO₂max is a robust, clinically relevant marker of fitness and health. Its integration into regular health monitoring and personalized training programs offers valuable potential for disease prevention, performance optimization, and public health promotion.

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The impact of maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) on athletic performance and health - a review

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The impact of maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) on athletic performance and health - a review

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