Postoperative Cognitive Disorder- what do we know about risk factors and prevention? A Systematic Review

Abstract

Introduction

Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD) is a significant health complication that affects mental processes, particularly in elderly patients after surgery. It is characterized by impaired memory, attention, and executive functions, leading to prolonged hospitalization and increased mortality. The pathogenesis of POCD involves inflammation in the central nervous system, but the exact mechanisms remain unclear.

Aim of Study

This study aims to identify and analyze the risk factors and potential markers of POCD, focusing on preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative factors. The goal of our work is to increase knowledge about POCD, thereby improving care for patients affected by this disorder.

Materials

The study reviews existing literature on POCD and examines various risk factors, such as age, comorbidities, education level, and surgical procedures. It also explores potential markers like inflammatory cytokines and describes hypothetical prevention strategies.

Results

The study highlights that age, diabetes, and certain surgical types of operation are significant risk factors for POCD. Inflammatory markers like S-100β protein and interleukin-6 can be associated with POCD. The use of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols and cognitive interventions shows promise in reducing POCD incidence.

Conclusion

Understanding POCD's risk factors and markers is crucial for developing effective prevention strategies. Further research is needed to establish a specific approach to POCD.