Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
  • Register
  • Login
  • Menu
  • Home
  • Current
  • Archives
  • Announcements
  • About
    • About the Journal
    • Submissions
    • Editorial Team
    • Privacy Statement
    • Contact
  • Register
  • Login

Quality in Sport

Resistant Bacteria vs. Public Health – A Review
  • Home
  • /
  • Resistant Bacteria vs. Public Health – A Review
  1. Home /
  2. Archives /
  3. Vol. 38 (2025) /
  4. Medical Sciences

Resistant Bacteria vs. Public Health – A Review

Authors

  • Michał Sienkiewicz Regional Specialist Hospital in Biała Podlaska https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0427-9198
  • Filip Klimas SP ZOZ MSWiA Hospital in Kraków, Kronikarza Galla 25 street, 30-053 Kraków https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5266-8676
  • Kacper Rusiński University Clinical Hospital in Poznan, Przybyszewskiego Street 49, 60-355 Poznań https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4002-9267
  • Dorota Zatłoka-Mazur Tytus Chałubiński Regional Hospital in Zakopane, Kamieniec 10 street, 34-500 Zakopane https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3663-1891
  • Bartosz Pawłowski https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3515-1777
  • Zuzanna Zięba University Clinical Hospital in Poznan, Przybyszewskiego Street 49, 60-355 Poznań https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1576-8058
  • Adriana Potoczek University Clinical Hospital in Katowice, Medyków 14 street, 40-752 Katowice https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3981-3490
  • Iwona Pudełko University Clinical Hospital in Wrocław, Borowska 213 street, 50-556 Wrocław https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6403-4141

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12775/QS.2025.38.58238

Keywords

resistant bacteria, MDR, public health, antimicrobial resistant, antibiotic resistance, phages, mechanisms of resistance

Abstract

Currently, antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and the global repercussions of this resistance are emerging as one of the most significant threats to public health. The global scope of the problem is discussed, with recent data showing that antimicrobial resistance (AMR) causes over a million fatalities annually, and projections suggest that this number will rise sharply by 2050. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of this issue, focusing on the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, its impact on public health and the economy, proposed strategies for addressing the problem, and potential alternative therapeutic approaches. This review is based on a thorough examination of current publications from the World Health Organization (WHO), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), and relevant scientific literature obtained from databases such as PubMed. The primary objective of this publication is to highlight the escalating nature of this problem and to promote education and awareness in this critical area of healthcare.

References

1. Uddin TM, Chakraborty AJ, Khusro A, Zidan BRM, Mitra S, Emran TB, Dhama K, Ripon MKH, Gajdács M, Sahibzada MUK, Hossain MJ, Koirala N. Antibiotic resistance in microbes: History, mechanisms, therapeutic strategies and future prospects. J Infect Public Health. 2021 Dec;14(12):1750-1766. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.020. Epub 2021 Oct 23. PMID: 34756812.

2. Salam MA, Al-Amin MY, Salam MT, Pawar JS, Akhter N, Rabaan AA, Alqumber MAA. Antimicrobial Resistance: A Growing Serious Threat for Global Public Health. Healthcare (Basel). 2023 Jul 5;11(13):1946. doi: 10.3390/healthcare11131946. PMID: 37444780; PMCID: PMC10340576.

3. Munita JM, Arias CA. Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance. Microbiol Spectr. 2016 Apr;4(2):10.1128/microbiolspec.VMBF-0016-2015. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.VMBF-0016-2015. PMID: 27227291; PMCID: PMC4888801.

4. Peterson E, Kaur P. Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms in Bacteria: Relationships Between Resistance Determinants of Antibiotic Producers, Environmental Bacteria, and Clinical Pathogens. Front Microbiol. 2018 Nov 30;9:2928. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02928. PMID: 30555448; PMCID: PMC6283892.

5. King DT, Sobhanifar S, Strynadka NC. One ring to rule them all: Current trends in combating bacterial resistance to the β-lactams. Protein Sci. 2016 Apr;25(4):787-803. doi: 10.1002/pro.2889. Epub 2016 Mar 9. PMID: 26813250; PMCID: PMC4941212.

6. Halawa EM, Fadel M, Al-Rabia MW, Behairy A, Nouh NA, Abdo M, Olga R, Fericean L, Atwa AM, El-Nablaway M, Abdeen A. Antibiotic action and resistance: updated review of mechanisms, spread, influencing factors, and alternative approaches for combating resistance. Front Pharmacol. 2024 Jan 12;14:1305294. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1305294. PMID: 38283841; PMCID: PMC10820715.

7. AlMatar M, Albarri O, Makky EA, Köksal F. Efflux pump inhibitors: new updates. Pharmacol Rep. 2021 Feb;73(1):1-16. doi: 10.1007/s43440-020-00160-9. Epub 2020 Sep 18. PMID: 32946075.

8. Pang Z, Raudonis R, Glick BR, Lin TJ, Cheng Z. Antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: mechanisms and alternative therapeutic strategies. Biotechnol Adv. 2019 Jan-Feb;37(1):177-192. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.11.013. Epub 2018 Nov 27. PMID: 30500353.

9. GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990-2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050. Lancet. 2024 Sep 28;404(10459):1199-1226. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01867-1. Epub 2024 Sep 16. PMID: 39299261; PMCID: PMC11718157.

10. Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2022 Feb 12;399(10325):629-655. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0. Epub 2022 Jan 19. Erratum in: Lancet. 2022 Oct 1;400(10358):1102. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02653-2. PMID: 35065702; PMCID: PMC8841637.

11. Ventola CL. The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. P T. 2015 Apr;40(4):277-83. PMID: 25859123; PMCID: PMC4378521.

12. Wojkowska-Mach J, Godman B, Glassman A, Kurdi A, Pilc A, Rozanska A, Skoczyński S, Wałaszek M, Bochenek T. Antibiotic consumption and antimicrobial resistance in Poland; findings and implications. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018 Nov 15;7:136. doi: 10.1186/s13756-018-0428-8. PMID: 30473786; PMCID: PMC6238284.

13. Ryu J, Kim NH, Ohn JH, Lim Y, Lee J, Kim HW, Kim SW, Park HS, Kim ES, Yoon S, Heo E, Kim ES. Impact of antibiotic changes on hospital stay and treatment duration in community-acquired pneumonia. Sci Rep. 2024 Sep 30;14(1):22669. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-73304-z. PMID: 39349548; PMCID: PMC11442439.

14. Jonathan Mayito, Flavia Dhikusooka, Daniel Kibombo, Andrew Busuge, Alex Andema, Alfred Yayi, Stephen Obbo, Richard Walwema, Francis Kakooza. Antibiotic Resistance related Mortality, Length of Hospital Stay, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years at select Tertiary Hospitals in Uganda: A retrospective study. medRxiv 2024.05.28.24308068; doi: 0.1101/2024.05.28.24308068

15. Geller AI, Lovegrove MC, Shehab N, Hicks LA, Sapiano MRP, Budnitz DS. National Estimates of Emergency Department Visits for Antibiotic Adverse Events Among Adults-United States, 2011-2015. J Gen Intern Med. 2018 Jul;33(7):1060-1068. doi: 10.1007/s11606-018-4430-x. Epub 2018 Apr 20. PMID: 29679226; PMCID: PMC6025673.

16. Bauer KA, Kullar R, Gilchrist M, File TM Jr. Antibiotics and adverse events: the role of antimicrobial stewardship programs in 'doing no harm'. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2019 Dec;32(6):553-558. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000604. PMID: 31567566.

17. Jonas OB, Irwin A, Berthe FCJ i wsp. Drug-Resistant Infections. A Threat to Our Economic Future. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, Washington 2017.

18. Babicki M, Kuchar E, Poletajew S, Woroń J, Fal A. Antybiotykooporność – skąd przybywamy i dokąd idziemy. Lekarz POZ. 2024;10(5).

19. Abushaheen MA, Muzaheed, Fatani AJ, Alosaimi M, Mansy W, George M, Acharya S, Rathod S, Divakar DD, Jhugroo C, Vellappally S, Khan AA, Shaik J, Jhugroo P. Antimicrobial resistance, mechanisms and its clinical significance. Dis Mon. 2020 Jun;66(6):100971. doi: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2020.100971. Epub 2020 Mar 20. PMID: 32201008.

20. Allegranzi B, Bagheri Nejad S, Combescure C, Graafmans W, Attar H, Donaldson L, Pittet D. Burden of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2011 Jan 15;377(9761):228-41. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61458-4. Epub 2010 Dec 9. PMID: 21146207.

21. Szarek, Klaudia i in. „Wpływ Higieny Rąk Personelu Medycznego na Transmisję Czynników Etiologicznych Zakażenia Związanych z Opieką Zdrowotną” Postępy Mikrobiologii, tom. 60, nie. 4, Sciendo, 2021, s. 309-315. https://doi.org/10.21307/pm-2021.60.4.24

22. Iversen AM, Stangerup M, From-Hansen M, Hansen R, Sode LP, Kostadinov K, Hansen MB, Calum H, Ellermann-Eriksen S, Knudsen JD. Light-guided nudging and data-driven performance feedback improve hand hygiene compliance among nurses and doctors. Am J Infect Control. 2021 Jun;49(6):733-739. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.11.007. Epub 2020 Nov 10. PMID: 33186676; PMCID: PMC7654366.

23. McCullough AR, Parekh S, Rathbone J, Del Mar CB, Hoffmann TC. A systematic review of the public's knowledge and beliefs about antibiotic resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016 Jan;71(1):27-33. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkv310. Epub 2015 Oct 12. PMID: 26459555.

24. Md Rezal, RS, Hassali, MA, Alrasheedy, AA, Saleem, F., Md Yusof, FA i Godman, B. (2015). Wiedza, postrzeganie i zachowanie lekarzy w stosunku do przepisywania antybiotyków: systematyczny przegląd literatury. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy , 13 (5), 665–680. https://doi.org/10.1586/14787210.2015.1025057

25. Ogungbe, Blessing Abraham, et al. "Progress of phage therapy research as an alternative to antibiotics: Current status, challenges, and the future of phage therapeutics." Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health 2 (2024): 100042.

26. Abedon ST, Danis-Wlodarczyk KM, Alves DR. Phage Therapy in the 21st Century: Is There Modern, Clinical Evidence of Phage-Mediated Efficacy? Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021 Nov 13;14(11):1157. doi: 10.3390/ph14111157. PMID: 34832939; PMCID: PMC8625828.

27. Stacey HJ, De Soir S, Jones JD. The Safety and Efficacy of Phage Therapy: A Systematic Review of Clinical and Safety Trials. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022 Sep 30;11(10):1340. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11101340. PMID: 36289998; PMCID: PMC9598614

28. Dodds DR. Antibiotic resistance: A current epilogue. Biochem Pharmacol. 2017 Jun 15;134:139-146. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.12.005. Epub 2016 Dec 10. PMID: 27956111.

29. Rehman M, Ahmed S, Ahmed U, Tamanna K, Sabir MS, Niaz Z. An overview of self-medication: A major cause of antibiotic resistance and a threat to global public health. J Pak Med Assoc. 2021 Mar;71(3):943-949. doi: 10.47391/JPMA.1331. PMID: 34057954.

30. Aslam B, Khurshid M, Arshad MI, Muzammil S, Rasool M, Yasmeen N, Shah T, Chaudhry TH, Rasool MH, Shahid A, Xueshan X, Baloch Z. Antibiotic Resistance: One Health One World Outlook. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021 Nov 25;11:771510. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.771510. Erratum in: Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024 Sep 25;14:1488430. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1488430. PMID: 34900756; PMCID: PMC8656695.

31. Bouldouyre MA. L’antibiorésistance : une priorité de santé publique, où chacun a un rôle à jouer ! [Antibiotic resistance: a public health priority in which everyone has a role to play!]. Rev Infirm. 2023 Oct;72(294):16-19. French. doi: 10.1016/j.revinf.2023.08.003. Epub 2023 Sep 28. PMID: 37838363.

32. Okeke IN, de Kraker MEA, Van Boeckel TP, Kumar CK, Schmitt H, Gales AC, Bertagnolio S, Sharland M, Laxminarayan R. The scope of the antimicrobial resistance challenge. Lancet. 2024 Jun 1;403(10442):2426-2438. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00876-6. Epub 2024 May 23. Erratum in: Lancet. 2024 Sep 14;404(10457):1018. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01879-8. PMID: 38797176.

Downloads

  • PDF

Published

2025-02-17

How to Cite

1.
SIENKIEWICZ, Michał, KLIMAS, Filip, RUSIŃSKI, Kacper, ZATŁOKA-MAZUR, Dorota, PAWŁOWSKI, Bartosz, ZIĘBA, Zuzanna, POTOCZEK , Adriana and PUDEŁKO , Iwona. Resistant Bacteria vs. Public Health – A Review. Quality in Sport. Online. 17 February 2025. Vol. 38, p. 58238. [Accessed 28 June 2025]. DOI 10.12775/QS.2025.38.58238.
  • ISO 690
  • ACM
  • ACS
  • APA
  • ABNT
  • Chicago
  • Harvard
  • IEEE
  • MLA
  • Turabian
  • Vancouver
Download Citation
  • Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
  • BibTeX

Issue

Vol. 38 (2025)

Section

Medical Sciences

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Michał Sienkiewicz, Filip Klimas, Kacper Rusiński, Dorota Zatłoka-Mazur, Bartosz Pawłowski, Zuzanna Zięba, Adriana Potoczek , Iwona Pudełko

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Stats

Number of views and downloads: 196
Number of citations: 0

Search

Search

Browse

  • Browse Author Index
  • Issue archive

User

User

Current Issue

  • Atom logo
  • RSS2 logo
  • RSS1 logo

Information

  • For Readers
  • For Authors
  • For Librarians

Newsletter

Subscribe Unsubscribe

Tags

Search using one of provided tags:

resistant bacteria, MDR, public health, antimicrobial resistant, antibiotic resistance, phages, mechanisms of resistance
Up

Akademicka Platforma Czasopism

Najlepsze czasopisma naukowe i akademickie w jednym miejscu

apcz.umk.pl

Partners

  • Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie
  • Akademickie Towarzystwo Andragogiczne
  • Fundacja Copernicus na rzecz Rozwoju Badań Naukowych
  • Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla Polskiej Akademii Nauk
  • Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych PAN
  • Instytut Tomistyczny
  • Karmelitański Instytut Duchowości w Krakowie
  • Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego
  • Państwowa Akademia Nauk Stosowanych w Krośnie
  • Państwowa Akademia Nauk Stosowanych we Włocławku
  • Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa im. Stanisława Pigonia w Krośnie
  • Polska Fundacja Przemysłu Kosmicznego
  • Polskie Towarzystwo Ekonomiczne
  • Polskie Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze
  • Towarzystwo Miłośników Torunia
  • Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
  • Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
  • Uniwersytet Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
  • Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika
  • Uniwersytet w Białymstoku
  • Uniwersytet Warszawski
  • Wojewódzka Biblioteka Publiczna - Książnica Kopernikańska
  • Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne w Pelplinie / Wydawnictwo Diecezjalne „Bernardinum" w Pelplinie

© 2021- Nicolaus Copernicus University Accessibility statement Shop