The Effect of Physical Activity on Alzheimer’s Disease - Systematic Review

Abstract

Dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a growing global health concern, with an estimated 50 million people affected worldwide. The prevalence of AD is projected to increase significantly with aging populations. Despite the absence of a cure, early intervention during the prodromal phase can slow the progression of AD, highlighting the importance of identifying modifiable risk and protective factors. Physical inactivity is one of the leading modifiable risk factors, contributing to approximately 40% of dementia cases. This review explores the role of physical exercise, particularly resistance training (RET), aerobic exercises, and dance movement interventions (DMI), as therapeutic approaches for AD prevention and treatment. Evidence suggests that regular physical activity enhances cognitive function, reduces neuroinflammation, improves brain structure, and supports neuroplasticity. Both RET and aerobic exercise have been shown to delay the onset of cognitive decline, with RET also reducing amyloid plaque formation and promoting neuroprotection. DMI further benefits individuals with AD by improving cognitive function, mood regulation, social interaction, and physical coordination. Additionally, the review examines the relationship between obesity and AD. Although obesity is traditionally seen as a risk factor for cognitive decline, recent studies suggest that obesity in late life may have protective effects, potentially due to factors like lower amyloid-beta levels and larger hippocampal volume. This review emphasizes the importance of physical exercise and its potential to mitigate cognitive decline and improve quality of life in individuals at risk of or living with Alzheimer’s disease.