The impacts of lockdown restrictions on children's and adolescents' physical activity levels and sedentary behaviour including gender differences: A systematic review and meta-analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/QS.2025.37.57482Keywords
Physical activity, Youths, LockdownAbstract
The 2019 COVID-19 pandemic outbreak has caused a global public health emergency. In addition to preventing the spread of the disease, restrictions such as school closures may reduce children and adolescents' opportunities for physical activity and increase the prevalence of sedentary behaviour. However, the current evidence regarding the effects of COVID-19 on physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents is insufficiently clear. A total of five databases were searched. In addition, grey literature, reference list and registries were also checked. A total of 26 studies were included in the systematic review. Total physical activity, moderate to vigorous physical activity, sedentary and ST were analysed separately using random effects models. Additionally, this study also used meta-analysis to investigate the differences between boys and girls, objective measures and subjective measures, cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies.
Results: The results of the meta-analysis showed that children and adolescents had a significant decrease in total physical activity (SMD= -0.76, 95% CI= -1.46 to -0.06, I2= 99.5%), moderate to vigorous physical activity (SMD= -0.36, 95% CI= -0.6 to -0.11, I2= 94.7%), sedentary behaviour (SMD= 1.44, 95% CI= 0.31 to 2.56, I2= 98.6%), and a significant increase in screen time (SMD= 0.75, 95% CI= 0.49 to 1.02, I2= 97.3%). Meta-analysis results showed a significant decline in moderate to vigorous physical activity in boys, but no change was found in girls. However, results from the systematic review suggested that girls are more likely to develop more screen time than boys. Children and adolescents' physical activity and sedentary behaviour are negatively impacted by restrictions associated with Covid-19. In addition, girls' screen time is more likely to increase than boys'.
References
Abid, R., Ammar, A., Maaloul, R., Souissi, N., & Hammouda, O. (2021). Effect of COVID-19-related home confinement on sleep quality, screen time and physical activity in tunisian boys and girls: A survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063065
Alanazi, Y. A., Parrish, A.-M., & Okely, A. D. (2022). Impact of the COVID-19 virus outbreak on 24-h movement behaviours among children in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional survey. Child : Care, Health & Development. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12999
Al-Mulla, N. A., & Mahfoud, Z. R. (2022). The Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown “Home Quarantine” on the Physical Activity and Lifestyle of Children in Qatar. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 877424–877424. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.877424
Ayan, Suarez-Iglesias, D., Lopez-Valenciano, A., & Sanchez-Lastra, M. A. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on University Students’ Physical Activity Levels: An Early Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 624567–624567. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.624567
Berry, E., Jenkins, C., & Allen, S. (2022). Facilitators and barriers to social distancing for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 891–891. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13325-3
Bialek, S., Gierke, R., Hughes, M., McNamara, L. A., Pilishvili, T., & Skoff, T. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Children - United States, February 12-April 2, 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(14), 422–426. https://doi.org/10.15585/MMWR.MM6914E4
Bingham, D. D., Daly-Smith, A., Hall, J., Seims, A., Dogra, S. A., Fairclough, S. J., … Barber, S. E. (2021). Covid-19 lockdown: Ethnic differences in children’s self-reported physical activity and the importance of leaving the home environment; a longitudinal and cross-sectional study from the Born in Bradford birth cohort study. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 18(1), 1–117. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-021-01183-y
Brown, T., & Summerbell, C. (2009). Systematic review of school-based interventions that focus on changing dietary intake and physical activity levels to prevent childhood obesity: an update to the obesity guidance produced by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 10(1), 110–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00515.x
Burkart, S., Parker, H., Weaver, R. G., Beets, M. W., Jones, A., Adams, E. L., … Armstrong, B. (2022). Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on elementary schoolers’ physical activity, sleep, screen time and diet: A quasi‐experimental interrupted time series study. Pediatric Obesity, 17(1), e12846–n/a. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12846
Chambonniere, C., Lambert, C., Fearnbach, N., Tardieu, M., Fillon, A., Genin, P., … Duclos, M. (2021). Effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on physical activity and sedentary behaviors in French children and adolescents: New results from the ONAPS national survey. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 43, 101308–101308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2021.101308
Chaput, J. P., Willumsen, J., Bull, F., Chou, R., Ekelund, U., Firth, J., Jago, R., Ortega, F. B., & Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2020). 2020 WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour for children and adolescents aged 5-17 years: summary of the evidence. The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 17(1), 141. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01037-z
Crawford. (2009). Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice Model and Guidelines. AORN Journal, 89(2), 426–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-2092(09)00182-3
Cross, T. J., Isautier, J., Stamatakis, E., Morris, S. J., Johnson, B. D., Wheatley-Guy, C., & Taylor, B. J. (2021). Self-reported physical activity before a COVID-19 'lockdown': is it just a matter of opinion?. BMJ open sport & exercise medicine, 7(2), e001088. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001088
Dallolio, L., Marini, S., Masini, A., Toselli, S., Stagni, R., Bisi, M. C., … Ceciliani, A. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 on physical activity behaviour in Italian primary school children: a comparison before and during pandemic considering gender differences. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 52–52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12483-0
Dubuc, Berrigan, F., Goudreault, M., Beaudoin, S., & Turcotte, S. (2021). Covid-19 impact on adolescent 24 h movement behaviors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17), 9256–. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179256
Dubuc, M.-M., Berrigan, F., Goudreault, M., Beaudoin, S., & Turcotte, S. (2021). Covid-19 impact on adolescent 24 h movement behaviors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17), 9256–. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179256
Dunton, G. F., Do, B., & Wang, S. D. (2020). Early effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity and sedentary behavior in children living in the U.S. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1351–1351. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09429-3
Ekelund, U., Steene-Johannessen, J., Brown, W. J., Fagerland, M. W., Owen, N., Powell, K. E., Bauman, A., Lee, I. M., Lancet Physical Activity Series 2 Executive Committe, & Lancet Sedentary Behaviour Working Group (2016). Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women. Lancet (London, England), 388(10051), 1302–1310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30370-1
Farello, G., D’Andrea, M., Quarta, A., Grossi, A., Pompili, D., Altobelli, E., … Balsano, C. (2022). Children and Adolescents Dietary Habits and Lifestyle Changes during COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy. Nutrients, 14(10), 2135–. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102135
Genin, P. M., Lambert, C., Larras, B., Pereira, B., Toussaint, J.-F., Baker, J. S., … Duclos, M. (2021). How did the COVID-19 confinement period affect our physical activity level and sedentary behaviors? Methodology and first results from the French national ONAPS survey. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 18(3), 296–303. https://doi.org/10.1123/JPAH.2020-0449
German Weather Service. Monthly Climate Status for Germany. April 2019. https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/pbfb_verlag_monat_klimastatus/monat_klimastatus.html (2019).
German Weather Service. Monthly Climate Status for Germany. April 2020. https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/pbfb_verlag_monat_klimastatus/monat_klimastatus.html (2020).
Gilbert, A. S., Schmidt, L., Beck, A., Kepper, M. M., Mazzucca, S., & Eyler, A. (2021). Associations of physical activity and sedentary behaviors with child mental well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1770–1770. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11805-6
Greier, K., Drenowatz, C., Bischofer, T., Petrasch, G., Greier, C., Cocca, A., & Ruedl, G. (2021). Physical activity and sitting time prior to and during COVID-19 lockdown in Austrian high-school students. AIMS Public Health, 8(3), 531–540. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2021043
Guerrero, M. D., Vanderloo, L. M., Rhodes, R. E., Faulkner, G., Moore, S. A., & Tremblay, M. S. (2020). Canadian children’s and youth’s adherence to the 24-h movement guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic: A decision tree analysis. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 9(4), 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.06.005
Guo, Y., Liao, M., Cai, W., Yu, X., Li, S., Ke, X., … Zeng, F. (2021). Physical activity, screen exposure and sleep among students during the pandemic of COVID-19. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 8529–8529. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88071-4
Guthold, Stevens, G. A., Riley, L. M., & Bull, F. C. (2020). Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1·6 million participants. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30323-2
Guthold, Stevens, G. A., Riley, L. M., & Bull, F. C. (2020). Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1·6 million participants. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30323-2
Hagstromer, M., Ainsworth, B. E., Oja, P., & Sjostrom, M. (2010). Comparison of a subjective and an objective measure of physical activity in a population sample. Journal of physical activity & health, 7(4), 541–550. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.7.4.541
Higgins, & Thomas, J. (2019). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. (Second edition / edited by Julian P.T. Higgins, James Thomas, Jacqueline Chandler, Miranda Cumpston, Tianjing Li, Matthew J. Page and Vivian A. Welch.). Cochrane.
James, M., Marchant, E., Defeyter, M. A., Woodside, J., & Brophy, S. (2021). Impact of school closures on the health and well-being of primary school children in Wales UK: a routine data linkage study using the HAPPEN Survey (2018–2020). BMJ Open, 11(10), e051574–e051574. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051574
Janssen, I., & Leblanc, A. G. (2010). Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 7, 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-40
Jia, P., Zhang, L., Yu, W., Yu, B., Liu, M., Zhang, D., & Yang, S. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on activity patterns and weight status among youths in China: the COVID-19 Impact on Lifestyle Change Survey (COINLICS). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY, 45(3), 695–699. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-020-00710-4
Jovanović, G. K., Zubalj, N. D., Majanović, S. K., Rahelić, D., Rahelić, V., Lončar, J. V., & Žeželj, S. P. (2021). The outcome of COVID-19 lockdown on changes in body mass index and lifestyle among croatian schoolchildren: A cross-sectional study. Nutrients, 13(11), 3788–. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113788
Kalman, M., Inchley, J., Sigmundova, D., Iannotti, R. J., Tynjälä, J. A., Hamrik, Z., Haug, E., & Bucksch, J. (2015). Secular trends in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in 32 countries from 2002 to 2010: a cross-national perspective. European journal of public health, 25 Suppl 2, 37–40. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckv024
Kharel, M., Sakamoto, J. L., Carandang, R. R., Ulambayar, S., Shibanuma, A., Yarotskaya, E., … Jimba, M. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on movement behaviours of children and adolescents: a systematic review. BMJ Global Health, 7(1), e007190–. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007190
Kohl, Craig, C. L., Lambert, E. V., Inoue, S., Alkandari, J. R., Leetongin, G., & Kahlmeier, S. (2012). The pandemic of physical inactivity: global action for public health. The Lancet (British Edition), 380(9838), 294–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60898- 8
Laeremans, Dons, E., Avila-Palencia, I., Carrasco-Turigas, G., Orjuela, J. P., Anaya, E., Brand, C., Cole-Hunter, T., De Nazelle, A., Götschi, T., Kahlmeier, S., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Standaert, A., De Boever, P., & Int Panis, L. (2017). Physical activity and sedentary behaviour in daily life: A comparative analysis of the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) and the SenseWear armband. PloS One, 12(5), e0177765–e0177765. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177765
Lee, P. H., Macfarlane, D. J., Lam, T. H., & Stewart, S. M. (2011). Validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF): a systematic review. The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 8, 115. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-115
Lewis, Maher, C., Belanger, K., Tremblay, M., Chaput, J.-P., & Olds, T. (2016). At the Mercy of the Gods: Associations between weather, physical activity, and sedentary time in children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 28(1), 152–163. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2015-0076
Likis FE, Andrews JA, Collins MR, et al. Nitrous Oxide for the Management of Labor Pain. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 67. (Prepared by the Vanderbilt Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-2007-10065-I.) AHRQ Publication No. 12-EHC071-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2012
Liwander, Pederson, A., & Boyle, E. (2013). Why the Canadian Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines Should Reflect Sex and Gender. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 104(7), e479–e481. https://doi.org/10.17269/cjph.104.4108
López-Bueno, López-Sánchez, G. F., Casajús, J. A., Calatayud, J., Gil-Salmerón, A., Grabovac, I., Tully, M. A., & Smith, L. (2020). Health-Related Behaviors Among School-Aged Children and Adolescents During the Spanish Covid-19 Confinement. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 8, 573–573. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.00573
Marckhoff, M., Siebald, M., Timmesfeld, N., Janßen, M., Romer, G., & Föcker, M. (2022). COVID-19: Effects of Pandemic Related Restrictions on Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Mental Well-being in German adolescents. Zeitschrift fur Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, 50(4), 313–326. https://doi.org/10.1024/1422-4917/a000867
Medrano, M., Cadenas‐Sanchez, C., Oses, M., Arenaza, L., Amasene, M., & Labayen, I. (2021). Changes in lifestyle behaviours during the COVID‐19 confinement in Spanish children: A longitudinal analysis from the MUGI project. Pediatric Obesity, 16(4), e12731–n/a. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12731
Mintzker, Blum, D., & Adler, L. (2022). Replacing PICO in non-interventional studies. BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine, bmjebm–2021–111889–. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjebm-2021-111889
Mitra, Moore, S. A., Gillespie, M., Faulkner, G., Vanderloo, L. M., Chulak-Bozzer, T., Rhodes, R. E., Brussoni, M., & Tremblay, M. S. (2020). Healthy movement behaviours in children and youth during the COVID-19 pandemic: Exploring the role of the neighbourhood environment. Health & Place, 65, 102418–102418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102418
Modesti, Reboldi, G., Cappuccio, F. P., Agyemang, C., Remuzzi, G., Rapi, S., Perruolo, E., & Parati, G. (2016). Panethnic Differences in Blood Pressure in Europe: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PloS One, 11(1), e0147601–e0147601. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147601
Moher, Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Reprint—Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. Physical Therapy, 89(9), 873–880. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/89.9.873
Moore, S. A., Faulkner, G., Rhodes, R. E., Brussoni, M., Chulak-Bozzer, T., Ferguson, L. J., … Tremblay, M. S. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 virus outbreak on movement and play behaviours of Canadian children and youth: a national survey. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(1), 85–85. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-00987-8
Morrison, Meh, K., Sember, V., Starc, G., & Jurak, G. (2021). The Effect of Pandemic Movement Restriction Policies on Children’s Physical Fitness, Activity, Screen Time, and Sleep. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 785679–785679. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.785679
Munasinghe, S., Sperandei, S., Freebairn, L., Conroy, E., Jani, H., Marjanovic, S., & Page, A. (2020). The Impact of Physical Distancing Policies During the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health and Well-Being Among Australian Adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(5), 653–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08.008
Munn, Peters, M. D. J., Stern, C., Tufanaru, C., McArthur, A., & Aromataris, E. (2018). Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(1), 143–143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x
Nathan, A., George, P., Ng, M., Wenden, E., Bai, P., Phiri, Z., & Christian, H. (2021). Impact of covid-19 restrictions on western Australian children’s physical activity and screen time. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052583
Neville, Lakes, K. D., Hopkins, W. G., Tarantino, G., Draper, C. E., Beck, R., & Madigan, S. (2022). Global Changes in Child and Adolescent Physical Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.2313
Ning, Chen, S.-T., Chi, X., & Liang, K. (2021). Changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior in chinese young adults during the covid-19 pandemic: A repeated-measure study throughout one year. Healthcare (Basel), 9(11), 1404–. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111404
Okely, Kariippanon, K. E., Guan, H., Taylor, E. K., Suesse, T., Cross, P. L., Chong, K. H., Suherman, A., Turab, A., Staiano, A. E., Ha, A. S., El Hamdouchi, A., Baig, A., Poh, B. K., Del Pozo-Cruz, B., Chan, C. H. S., Nyström, C. D., Koh, D., Webster, E. K., … Draper, C. E. (2021). Global effect of COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep among 3- to 5-year-old children: a longitudinal study of 14 countries. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 940–940. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10852-3
Olson, Lauris. “Policy Commons – International Think Tank Publications Fulltext.” Penn Libraries, 14 June 2021, www.library.upenn.edu/blogs/libraries-news/policy-commons-international-think-tank-publications-fulltext.
Paterson, D. C., Ramage, K., Moore, S. A., Riazi, N., Tremblay, M. S., & Faulkner, G. (2021). Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on the movement behaviors of children and youth: A scoping review of evidence after the first year. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 10(6), 675–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2021.07.001
Peddie, M. C., Scott, T., & Haszard, J. J. (2021). Using a 24 h activity recall (Star-24) to describe activity in adolescent boys in new zealand: Comparisons between a sample collected before, and a sample collected during the covid-19 lockdown. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 8035–. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158035
Pettee Gabriel, Morrow Jr, J. R., & Woolsey, A.-L. T. (2012). Framework for physical activity as a complex and multidimensional behavior. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 9(s1), S11–18. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.9.s1.s11
Pietrobelli, Pecoraro, L., Ferruzzi, A., Heo, M., Faith, M., Zoller, T., Antoniazzi, F., Piacentini, G., Fearnbach, S. N., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2020). Effects of COVID‐19 Lockdown on Lifestyle Behaviors in Children with Obesity Living in Verona, Italy: A Longitudinal Study. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 28(8), 1382–1385. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22861
Pombo, Luz, C., Rodrigues, L. ., Ferreira, C., & Cordovil, R. (2020). Correlates of children’s physical activity during the COVID-19 confinement in Portugal. Public Health (London), 189, 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.09.009
Prentice-Dunn, H., & Prentice-Dunn, S. (2012). Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and childhood obesity: a review of cross-sectional studies. Psychology, health & medicine, 17(3), 255–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2011.608806
Reilly, Penpraze, V., Hislop, J., Davies, G., Grant, S., & Paton, J. Y. (2008). Objective measurement of physical activity and sedentary behaviour: review with new data. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 93(7), 614–619. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2007.133272
Richardson, D. L., Duncan, M. J., Clarke, N. D., Myers, T. D., & Tallis, J. (2021). The influence of COVID-19 measures in the United Kingdom on physical activity levels, perceived physical function and mood in older adults: A survey-based observational study. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(8), 887–899. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1850984
Rossi, Behme, N., & Breuer, C. (2021). Physical activity of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic—A scoping review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11440–. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111440
Ridgers, N. D., Salmon, J., & Timperio, A. (2015). Too hot to move? Objectively assessed seasonal changes in Australian children's physical activity. The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 12, 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0245-x
Rudolf, Schaller, A., Frick, F., Grieben, C., & Froböse, I. (2015). Erfassung der Selbsteinschätzung körperlicher Aktivität von jungen Erwachsenen: Eine Querschnittstudie mit Berufsschülern. Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung, 11(1), 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11553-015-0525-y
Saffer H, Dave D, Grossman M, Leung LA. Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in Physical Activity. J Hum Cap. 2013 Winter;7(4):378-410. doi: 10.1086/671200. PMID: 25632311; PMCID: PMC4306423.
Salway, Foster, C., de Vocht, F., Tibbitts, B., Emm-Collison, L., House, D., Williams, J. G., Breheny, K., Reid, T., Walker, R., Churchward, S., Hollingworth, W., & Jago, R. (2022). Accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary time among children and their parents in the UK before and after COVID-19 lockdowns: a natural experiment. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 19(1), 51–51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-022-01290-4
Schmidt, S. C. E., Anedda, B., Burchartz, A., Eichsteller, A., Kolb, S., Nigg, C., … Woll, A. (2020). Physical activity and screen time of children and adolescents before and during the COVID-19 lockdown in Germany: a natural experiment. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 21780–21780. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78438-4
Stockwell, S., Trott, M., Tully, M., Shin, J., Barnett, Y., Butler, L., McDermott, D., Schuch, F., & Smith, L. (2021). Changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviours from before to during the COVID19 pandemic lockdown: a systematic review. BMJ open sport & exercise medicine, 7(1), e000960. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem2020-00096
Štveráková, T., Jačisko, J., Busch, A., Šafářová, M., Kolář, P., & Kobesová, A. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on physical activity of Czech children. PloS One, 16(7), e0254244–e0254244. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254244
Tan, W., Zhao, X., Ma, X., Wang, W., Niu, P., Xu, W., … Wu, G. (2020). A Novel Coronavirus Genome Identified in a Cluster of Pneumonia Cases — Wuhan, China 2019−2020. China CDC Weekly, 2(4), 61–62. https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2020.017
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2021). UNESCO figures show two thirds of an academic year lost on average worldwide due to Covid-19 school closures.
Thompson, Peacock, O., Western, M., & Batterham, A. M. (2015). Multidimensional physical activity: An opportunity, not a problem. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 43(2), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000039
Torres–Signes, A., Frías, M. P., & Ruiz-Medina, M. D. (2021). COVID-19 mortality analysis from soft-data multivariate curve regression and machine learning. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 35(12), 2659–2678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-021-02021-0
Tremblay, M. S., LeBlanc, A. G., Kho, M. E., Saunders, T. J., Larouche, R., Colley, R. C., Goldfield, G., & Connor Gorber, S. (2011). Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 8, 98. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-98
van Sluijs, Ekelund, U., Crochemore-Silva, I., Guthold, R., Ha, A., Lubans, D., Oyeyemi, A. L., Ding, D., & Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2021). Physical activity behaviours in adolescence: current evidence and opportunities for intervention. The Lancet (British Edition), 398(10298), 429–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01259-9
Vienna. “Comparison of Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) and Agency for Health Research and Quality (AHRQ) as Risk of Bias Assessment Tools for Cohort Studies | Colloquium Abstracts.” Abstracts.cochrane.org, 2015, abstracts.cochrane.org/2015-vienna/comparison-newcastle-ottawa-scale-nos-and-agency-health-research-and-quality-ahrq-risk. Accessed 16 Aug. 2022.
Viner, Russell, S., Saulle, R., Croker, H., Stansfield, C., Packer, J., Nicholls, D., Goddings, A.-L., Bonell, C., Hudson, L., Hope, S., Ward, J., Schwalbe, N., Morgan, A., & Minozzi, S. (2022). School Closures During Social Lockdown and Mental Health, Health Behaviors, and Well-being Among Children and Adolescents During the First COVID-19 Wave: A Systematic Review. JAMA Pediatrics, 176(4), 400–409. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.5840
Violant-Holz, Gallego-Jiménez, M. G., González-González, C. S., Muñoz-Violant, S., Rodríguez, M. J., Sansano-Nadal, O., & GuerraBalic, M. (2020). Psychological health and physical activity levels during the covid-19 pandemic: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249419
Wells GA, Shea B, O’Connell D, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; 2011. Accessed December 14, 2020. http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp
Wells GA, Shea B, O’Connell D, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses [webpage on the Internet]. Ottawa, ON: Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; 2011. Available from: http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp. Accessed February 5, 2013.
White, L. E., Barreira, T. V., & Norris, M. L. (2021). The Impact Of COVID-19 On Physical Activity And Sedentary Behavior In Children: A Pilot Study: 580. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 53(8S), 194–194. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000761320.46497.f9
WHO COVID-19 Dashboard. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2022. Available online: https://covid19.who.int/ (last cited: [date]).
World Health Organization (WHOa). 2020. “COVID-19 Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) Global Research and Innovation Forum.” February 12, 2020. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/covid-19-public-health-emergency-of-international-concern-(pheic)-global-research-and-innovation-forum.
World Health Organization (WHOb). 2020. "Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: implications for infection prevention precautions." Scientific brief, 09 July 2020 (2020): 1-10. https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/transmission-of-sars-cov-2-implications-for-infection-prevention-precautions.
World Health Organization (WHOc).2020. "guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour". Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/336656
Wu, X. Y., Han, L. H., Zhang, J. H., Luo, S., Hu, J. W., & Sun, K. (2017). The influence of physical activity, sedentary behavior on health-related quality of life among the general population of children and adolescents: A systematic review. PloS One, 12(11), e0187668–e0187668. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187668
Wunsch, K., Kienberger, K., & Niessner, C. (2022). Changes in Physical Activity Patterns Due to the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(4), 2250. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042250
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Tianwei Li, Lei Wang, Songmao Yu
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 75
Number of citations: 0
