The Effects of Cannabinoid Compounds on the Endocrine System
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/QS.2024.36.56516Keywords
cannabinoids, cannabis, marijuana, endocrine systemAbstract
Cannabinoids are chemical compounds that occur naturally in the cannabis plant. They have been known for thousands of years and have been used to treat conditions such as asthma, malaria, hypertension, and spasticity. The most common cannabinoids are tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. Due to their abundant type 1 and 2 cannabinoid receptors, they affect most systems in the human body. This review focuses on the effects of cannabis on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, growth hormone, food intake, glycemia regulation, reproductive system, prolactin, and oxytocin.
References
Czarnywojtek A, Borowska M, Dyrka K, et al. The influence of various endocrine disruptors on the reproductive system. Endokrynol Pol. 2023;74(3):221-233. doi:10.5603/EP.a2023.0034
Borowska M, Czarnywojtek A, Sawicka-Gutaj N, et al. The effects of cannabinoids on the endocrine system. Endokrynol Pol. 2018;69(6):705-719. doi:10.5603/EP.a2018.0072
Naillon PL, Flaudias V, Brousse G, et al. Cannabis Use in Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicines (Basel). 2023;10(5):29. Published 2023 Apr 27. doi:10.3390/medicines10050029
Kalant H. Cannabis control policy: No rational basis yet for legalization. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015;97(6):538-540. doi:10.1002/cpt.112
Popescu-Spineni DM, Guja L, Cristache CM, Pop-Tudose ME, Munteanu AM. The Influence of endocannabinoid system on women reproduction. Acta Endocrinol (Buchar). 2022;18(2):209-215. doi:10.4183/aeb.2022.209
Lo JO, D'Mello RJ, Watch L, Schust DJ, Murphy SK. An epigenetic synopsis of parental substance use. Epigenomics. 2023;15(7):453-473. doi:10.2217/epi-2023-0064
Dume R, Lammers E. Demystifying Cannabis: A Review of Its Pharmacology, Use in Pain, and Safety Concerns. Orthop Nurs. 2020;39(4):264-267. doi:10.1097/NOR.0000000000000679
Schilling S, Melzer R, McCabe PF. Cannabis sativa. Curr Biol. 2020;30(1):R8-R9. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.039
Sharkey KA, Wiley JW. The Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Brain-Gut Axis. Gastroenterology. 2016;151(2):252-266. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.04.015
Legare CA, Raup-Konsavage WM, Vrana KE. Therapeutic Potential of Cannabis, Cannabidiol, and Cannabinoid-Based Pharmaceuticals. Pharmacology. 2022;107(3-4):131-149. doi:10.1159/000521683
Porr CJ, Rios P, Bajaj HS, et al. The effects of recreational cannabis use on glycemic outcomes and self-management behaviours in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a rapid review. Syst Rev. 2020;9(1):187. Published 2020 Aug 17. doi:10.1186/s13643-020-01411-9
Hillard CJ. Endocannabinoids and the Endocrine System in Health and Disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2015;231:317-339. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20825-1_11
Hillard CJ, Beatka M, Sarvaideo J. Endocannabinoid Signaling and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. Compr Physiol. 2016;7(1):1-15. Published 2016 Dec 6. doi:10.1002/cphy.c160005
Lo JO, Hedges JC, Girardi G. Impact of cannabinoids on pregnancy, reproductive health, and offspring outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;227(4):571-581. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2022.05.056
Birdsall SM, Birdsall TC, Tims LA. The Use of Medical Marijuana in Cancer. Curr Oncol Rep. 2016;18(7):40. doi:10.1007/s11912-016-0530-0
Urits I, Charipova K, Gress K, et al. Adverse Effects of Recreational and Medical Cannabis. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2021;51(1):94-109.
Muzaffar A, Ullah S, Subhan F, et al. Clinical Investigation on the Impact of Cannabis Abuse on Thyroid Hormones and Associated Psychiatric Manifestations in the Male Population. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:730388. Published 2021 Dec 3. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.730388
Hua T, Li X, Wu L, et al. Activation and Signaling Mechanism Revealed by Cannabinoid Receptor-Gi Complex Structures. Cell. 2020;180(4):655-665.e18. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.01.008
Fonseca BM, Rebelo I. Cannabis and Cannabinoids in Reproduction and Fertility: Where We Stand. Reprod Sci. 2022;29(9):2429-2439. doi:10.1007/s43032-021-00588-1
Lu HC, Mackie K. Review of the Endocannabinoid System. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2021;6(6):607-615. doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.07.016
Lutz B. Neurobiology of cannabinoid receptor signaling. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2020;22(3):207-222. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.3/blutz
Lakiotaki E, Giaginis C, Tolia M, et al. Clinical Significance of Cannabinoid Receptors CB1 and CB2 Expression in Human Malignant and Benign Thyroid Lesions. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:839403. doi:10.1155/2015/839403
Jung UJ, Choi MS. Obesity and its metabolic complications: the role of adipokines and the relationship between obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(4):6184-6223. Published 2014 Apr 11. doi:10.3390/ijms15046184
Schrott R, Murphy SK, Modliszewski JL, et al. Refraining from use diminishes cannabis-associated epigenetic changes in human sperm. Environ Epigenet. 2021;7(1):dvab009. Published 2021 Sep 21. doi:10.1093/eep/dvab009
Belladelli F, Del Giudice F, Kasman A, et al. The association between cannabis use and testicular function in men: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrology. 2021;9(2):503-510. doi:10.1111/andr.12953
Cannabis. In: Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®). Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; September 15, 2024.
Castro-Navarro I, McGuire MA, Williams JE, Holdsworth EA, Meehan CL, McGuire MK. Maternal Cannabis Use during Lactation and Potential Effects on Human Milk Composition and Production: A Narrative Review. Adv Nutr. 2024;15(4):100196. doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100196
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Julia Inglot, Jadwiga Inglot, Damian Sowa, Michał Szczepański, Daniel Zapasek, Maciej Mamczur, Mateusz Bajak, Julia Słowik, Dominik Maciej Feret, Marcin Kuliga
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 346
Number of citations: 0
