The Influence of Physical Activity on The Development of Osteoarthritis: A Review

Abstract

Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative joint disease, primarily affecting the elderly, with substantial impacts on mobility and quality of life. This review explores the role of physical activity in the development and progression of OA, analyzing both protective and adverse effects. 

Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing studies from databases such as Google Scholar and PubMed on the effects of physical activity on OA. Analysis included longitudinal, cross-sectional, and interventional studies examining associations between physical activity levels, types of exercise, and OA onset and progression.

Results: Moderate, low-impact physical activity, including walking, swimming, and cycling, tends to have a protective effect on joint health by promoting muscle strength and cartilage resilience. However, high-impact or excessive repetitive activities, such as intense running or heavy weightlifting, are associated with a higher risk of OA, particularly in weight-bearing joints like the knees and hips. Moreover, individual factors, such as age, BMI, and previous joint injuries, significantly mediate the impact of physical activity on OA risk

Conclusions: Physical activity is a double-edged sword for OA; while moderate exercise may protect joint integrity, excessive high-impact activities may exacerbate OA risk, especially in predisposed individuals. Tailored exercise recommendations based on individual risk profiles could optimize benefits while minimizing OA development. Further research is needed to clarify dose-response relationships and to develop guidelines that balance the benefits of physical activity with OA prevention.