Sleep Cycles and Health: Role of Sleep Stages, Circadian Rhythms, and Lifestyle Factors on Optimizing Physical Performance and Mental Well-Being – a literature review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/QS.2024.18.53393Keywords
sleep, insomnia, apnea, epilepsy, physical activity, autismAbstract
Introduction:
Sleep is a crucial physiological process impacting cognitive function, emotional resilience, and physical health. It is fundamental to overall well-being and understanding its nuances is imperative for unraveling the secrets of restorative sleep.
Purpose:
This review explores sleep cycles, synthesizing research on physiology, variability, and Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) / Rapid Eye Movement (REM) dynamics to understand optimal rest. It assesses how disruptions, from lifestyle or sleep disorders, affect overall health.
State of Knowledge:
Sleep behaviors vary among individuals, influenced by factors like age, environment, health and lifestyle. Aging leads to changes in sleep patterns, impacting sleep quality. Sleep disorders, such as epilepsy and apnea, significantly alter sleep architecture, illustrating the close link between health and sleep. Lifestyle factors, including diet, physical activity and drug use, affect sleep quality, emphasizing the need for promoting healthy habits.
Conclusion :
The comprehensive exploration of sleep architecture, individual variability in sleep patterns, circadian rhythms, age-related changes, impact of drugs and sleep disorders, sleep hygiene, and associations with mental health underscores the intricate relationship between sleep and overall well-being. Sleep disorders pose an increased risk for mental health disorders, such as anxiety, stress, depression and ADHD. Conversely, mental health issues can significantly affect sleep quality and patterns. Developing strategies to promote healthy sleep hygiene and lifestyle habits is crucial in improving sleep quality, ultimately contributing to enhanced mental health, physical performance and well-being.
References
Hobson JA, Pace-Schott EF. The cognitive neuroscience of sleep: neuronal systems, consciousness and learning. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2002;3(9):679-693. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn915
Vyazovskiy VV, Delogu A. NREM and REM Sleep: Complementary Roles in Recovery after Wakefulness. The Neuroscientist: A Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology and Psychiatry. 2014;20(3):203-219. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858413518152
ven den Berg NH, Benoit A, Toor B, Fogel S. Sleep Stages and Neural Oscillations: A Window into Sleep’s Role in Memory Consolidation and Cognitive Abilities. Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience. Published online January 1, 2019:455-470. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-813743-7.00030-x
Carskadon MA, Dement WC. Normal Human Sleep. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. Published online 2017:15-24.e3. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-24288-2.00002-7
Carskadon MA, Dement WC. Normal Human Sleep: An Overview. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. Published online 2005:13-23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/b0-72-160797-7/50009-4
Collop NA, Salas RE, Delayo M, Gamaldo C. Normal Sleep and Circadian Processes. Critical Care Clinics. 2008;24(3):449-460. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2008.02.002
de Andrés I. Functional anatomy of non-REM sleep. Frontiers in Neurology. 2011;2. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2011.00070
Siegel J. The Neurobiology of Sleep. Seminars in Neurology. 2009;29(04):277-296. doi:https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1237118
Klimes P, Cimbalnik J, Brázdil M, et al. NREM sleep is the state of vigilance that best identifies the epileptogenic zone in the interictal electroencephalogram. 2019;60(12):2404-2415. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.16377
Dijk DJ. Regulation and Functional Correlates of Slow Wave Sleep. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2009;5(2 suppl). doi:https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.5.2s.s6
Besedovsky L, Lange T, Born J. Sleep and immune function. Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology. 2012;463(1):121-137. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-011-1044-0
Lange T. Shift of Monocyte Function Toward Cellular Immunity During Sleep. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2006;166(16):1695. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.16.1695
Krueger JM, Majde JA. Humoral Links between Sleep and the Immune System. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003;992(1):9-20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03133.x
Krueger JM. The role of cytokines in sleep regulation. Current pharmaceutical design. 2008;14(32):3408-3416. doi:https://doi.org/10.2174/138161208786549281
Kapsimalis F, Richardson G, Opp MR, Kryger M. Cytokines and normal sleep. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 2005;11(6):481-484. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mcp.0000183062.98665.6b
Amici R, Cerri M, Parmeggiani PL. Overview of Physiological Processes During Sleep. Encyclopedia of Sleep. Published online 2013:385-389. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-378610-4.00086-3
Chow HM, Horovitz SG, Carr WS, et al. Rhythmic alternating patterns of brain activity distinguish rapid eye movement sleep from other states of consciousness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2013;110(25):10300-10305. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1217691110
Girardeau G, Lopes-dos-Santos V. Brain neural patterns and the memory function of sleep. Science. 2021;374(6567):560-564. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi8370
Louie K, Wilson MA. Temporally Structured Replay of Awake Hippocampal Ensemble Activity during Rapid Eye Movement Sleep. Neuron. 2001;29(1):145-156. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00186-6
Stern WC, Morgane PJ. Theoretical view of REM sleep function: Maintenance of catecholamine systems in the central nervous system. Behavioral Biology. 1974;11(1):1-32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0091-6773(74)90145-x
Monti JM. Catecholamines and the sleep-wake cycle II. REM sleep. Life Sciences. 1983;32(13):1401-1415. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(83)90905-0
Ramm P. The locus coeruleus, catecholamines, and REM sleep: a critical review. Behavioral and Neural Biology. 1979;25(4):415-448. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0163-1047(79)90212-7
Webb WB. Age-related Changes in Sleep. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 1989;5(2):275-287. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0690(18)30678-5
Yoon IY, Kripke DF, Youngstedt SD, Elliott JA. Actigraphy suggests age-related differences in napping and nocturnal sleep. Journal of Sleep Research. 2003;12(2):87-93. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2869.2003.00345.x
Klerman EB, Dijk DJ. Age-Related Reduction in the Maximal Capacity for Sleep—Implications for Insomnia. Current Biology. 2008;18(15):1118-1123. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.047
Ungurean G, van der Meij J, Rattenborg NC, Lesku JA. Evolution and plasticity of sleep. Current Opinion in Physiology. 2020;15:111-119. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2019.12.013
Lesku JA, Aulsebrook AE, Kelly ML, Tisdale RK. Evolution of Sleep and Adaptive Sleeplessness. Handbook of Sleep Research. Published online 2019:299-316. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-813743-7.00020-7
Czeisler C, Weitzman E, Moore-Ede M, Zimmerman J, Knauer R. Human sleep: its duration and organization depend on its circadian phase. Science. 1980;210(4475):1264-1267. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7434029
Dijk DJ, Lockley SW. Invited Review: Integration of human sleep-wake regulation and circadian rhythmicity. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2002;92(2):852-862. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00924.2001
Gail Williams P, Sears LL, Allard A. Sleep problems in children with autism. Journal of Sleep Research. 2004;13(3):265-268. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2004.00405.x
Mayes SD, Calhoun SL. Variables related to sleep problems in children with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2009;3(4):931-941. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2009.04.002
Kotagal S, Broomall E. Sleep in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Pediatric Neurology. 2012;47(4):242-251. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.05.007
Korczak AL, Martynhak BJ, Pedrazzoli M, Brito AF, Louzada FM. Influence of chronotype and social zeitgebers on sleep/wake patterns. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2008;41(10):914-919. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-879x2008005000047
Bauducco S, Richardson C, Gradisar M. Chronotype, circadian rhythms and mood. Current Opinion in Psychology. 2020;34:77-83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.09.002
Zou H, Zhou H, Yan R, Yao Z, Lu Q. Chronotype, circadian rhythm, and psychiatric disorders: Recent evidence and potential mechanisms. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2022;16. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.811771
Taillard J, Philip P, Coste O, Sagaspe P, Bioulac B. The circadian and homeostatic modulation of sleep pressure during wakefulness differs between morning and evening chronotypes. Journal of Sleep Research. 2003;12(4):275-282. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0962-1105.2003.00369.x
Sehgal A, Allada R. 19 Circadian Rhythms and Sleep. Cold Spring Harbor Monograph Archive. 2007;49:503-532. doi:https://doi.org/10.1101/087969819.49.503
Monk TH. Sleep and circadian rhythms. Experimental Gerontology. 1991;26(2-3):233-243. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0531-5565(91)90015-e
Lavie P. Sleep-Wake as a Biological Rhythm. Annual Review of Psychology. 2001;52(1):277-303. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.277
Schibler U, Sassone-Corsi P. A Web of Circadian Pacemakers. Cell. 2002;111(7):919-922. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(02)01225-4
Terman M, Terman J. A Circadian Pacemaker for Visual Sensitivity?a. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1985;453(1):147-161. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb11807.x
Lema MA, Golombek DA, Echave J. Delay Model of the Circadian Pacemaker. Journal of theoretical biology. 2000;204(4):565-573. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.2000.2038
Fuller PM, Gooley JJ, Saper CB. Neurobiology of the sleep-wake cycle: sleep architecture, circadian regulation, and regulatory feedback. Journal of Biological Rhythms. 2006;21(6):482-493. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730406294627
Kim JK, Forger DB. A mechanism for robust circadian timekeeping via stoichiometric balance. Molecular Systems Biology. 2012;8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/msb.2012.62
Juda M, Vetter C, Roenneberg T. Chronotype Modulates Sleep Duration, Sleep Quality, and Social Jet Lag in Shift-Workers. Journal of Biological Rhythms. 2013;28(2):141-151. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730412475042
Espiritu JRD. Aging-Related Sleep Changes. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 2008;24(1):1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2007.08.007
Ancoli-Israel S. Sleep and its disorders in aging populations. Sleep Medicine. 2009;10:S7-S11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2009.07.004
Pace-Schott EF, Spencer RMC. Age-related changes in the cognitive function of sleep. Enhancing Performance for Action and Perception - Multisensory Integration, Neuroplasticity and Neuroprosthetics, Part I. 2011;191:75-89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-53752-2.00012-6
Haimov I, Laudon M, Zisapel N, et al. Sleep disorders and melatonin rhythms in elderly people. BMJ. 1994;309(6948):167-167. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.309.6948.167
Zhong HH, Yu B, Luo D, et al. Roles of aging in sleep. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2019;98:177-184. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.013
Nakamura TJ, Takasu NN, Nakamura W. The suprachiasmatic nucleus: age-related decline in biological rhythms. The Journal of Physiological Sciences. 2016;66(5):367-374. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12576-016-0439-2
Sportiche N, Suntsova N, Methippara M, et al. Sustained sleep fragmentation results in delayed changes in hippocampal-dependent cognitive function associated with reduced dentate gyrus neurogenesis. Neuroscience. 2010;170(1):247-258. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.06.038
Jain SV, Glauser TA. Effects of epilepsy treatments on sleep architecture and daytime sleepiness: An evidence-based review of objective sleep metrics. Epilepsia. 2013;55(1):26-37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.12478
Delaney LJ, Van Haren F, Lopez V. Sleeping on a problem: the impact of sleep disturbance on intensive care patients - a clinical review. Annals of Intensive Care. 2015;5(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-015-0043-2
Shahveisi K, Jalali A, Moloudi MR, Moradi S, Maroufi A, Khazaie H. Sleep Architecture in Patients With Primary Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal. 2018;9(2):147-156. doi:https://doi.org/10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.2.147
Geurkink EA, Sheth RD, Gidal BE, Hermann BP. Effects of Anticonvulsant Medication on EEG Sleep Architecture. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2000;1(6):378-383. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/ebeh.2000.0125
Legros B, Bazil CW. Effects of antiepileptic drugs on sleep architecture: a pilot study. Sleep Medicine. 2003;4(1):51-55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s1389-9457(02)00217-4
Ayala-Guerrero F, Mexicano G, González V, Hernandez M. Effect of oxcarbazepine on sleep architecture. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2009;15(3):287-290. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.04.013
Placidi F, Scalise A, Marciani MG, Romigi A, Diomedi M, Gigli GL. Effect of antiepileptic drugs on sleep. Clinical Neurophysiology: Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2000;111 Suppl 2:S115-119. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(00)00411-9
Zwillich CW, Pickett CA, Hanson FN, Weil JV. Disturbed sleep and prolonged apnea during nasal obstruction in normal men. PubMed. 1981;124(2):158-160. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/arrd.1981.124.2.158
Charbonneau M, Marín J, Olha A, Kimoff RJ, Levy RD, Cosio MG. Changes in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Characteristics Through the Night. Chest. 1994;106(6):1695-1701. doi:https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.106.6.1695
Ratnavadivel R, Chau N, Stadler D, Yeo A, McEvoy RD, Catcheside PG. Marked Reduction in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity in Slow Wave Sleep. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2009;05(06):519-524. doi:https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.27651
de Sousa IC, Araújo JF, de Azevedo CVM. The effect of a sleep hygiene education program on the sleep?wake cycle of Brazilian adolescent students. Sleep and Biological Rhythms. 2007;5(4):251-258. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8425.2007.00318.x
Turkistani O, Albalawi A, Thabit R, et al. Relationship Between Sleep Disorders and Mental Health. Journal of Healthcare Sciences. 2023;03(06):163-166. doi:https://doi.org/10.52533/johs.2023.30601
Kaneita Y, Ohida T, Osaki Y, et al. Association Between Mental Health Status and Sleep Status Among Adolescents in Japan. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2007;68(09):1426-1435. doi:https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v68n0916
Sivertsen B, Harvey AG, Pallesen S, Hysing M. Mental health problems in adolescents with delayed sleep phase: results from a large population-based study in Norway. Journal of Sleep Research. 2014;24(1):11-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12254
Zhang J, Paksarian D, Lamers F, Hickie IB, He J, Merikangas KR. Sleep Patterns and Mental Health Correlates in US Adolescents. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2017;182:137-143. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.11.007
Meltzer LJ, Mindell JA. Sleep and Sleep Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2006;29(4):1059-1076. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2006.08.004
Ohayon MM, Roberts RE. Comparability of Sleep Disorders Diagnoses Using DSM-IV and ICSD Classifications with Adolescents. Sleep. 2001;24(8):920-925. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/24.8.920
Reigstad B, Jørgensen K, Sund AM, Wichstrøm L. Prevalences and correlates of sleep problems among adolescents in specialty mental health services and in the community: What differs? Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 2009;64(3):172-180. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/08039480903282392
Alfano CA, Ginsburg GS, Kingery JN. Sleep-Related Problems Among Children and Adolescents With Anxiety Disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2007;46(2):224-232. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000242233.06011.8e
Zhang J, Xu Z, Zhao K, et al. Sleep Habits, Sleep Problems, Sleep Hygiene, and Their Associations With Mental Health Problems Among Adolescents. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association. 2017;24(3):223-234. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390317715315
Augner C. Associations of Subjective Sleep Quality with Depression Score, Anxiety, Physical Symptoms and Sleep Onset Latency in Young Students. Central European Journal of Public Health. 2011;19(2):115-117. doi:https://doi.org/10.21101/cejph.a3647
Rayan A, Agarwal A, Samanta A, Severijnen E, van der Meij J, Genzel L. Sleep scoring in rodents: Criteria, automatic approaches and outstanding issues. European Journal of Neuroscience. Published online December 21, 2022. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.15884
Shimura A, Sugiura K, Inoue M, et al. Which sleep hygiene factors are important? comprehensive assessment of lifestyle habits and job environment on sleep among office workers. Sleep Health. 2020;6(3). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2020.02.001
Reut G. Lifestyle Factors that Affect Youth’s Sleep and Strategies for Guiding Patients and Families Toward Healthy Sleeping. Journal of Sleep Disorders & Therapy. 2013;02(05). doi:https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0277.1000130
Sun C, Wang X, Huang X, et al. Sleep disorders as a prospective intervention target to prevent drug relapse. Frontiers in Public Health. 2023;10. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1102115
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Marta Rutkowska, Mateusz Bieńko, Tomasz Król, Michalina Toborek, Magdalena Marchaj, Karolina Korta, Anna Putra, Natalia Niedziela, Mikołaj Margas, Karolina Bednarz
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 520
Number of citations: 0
