Personality Disorders – a basic information review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/QS.2024.20.51457Keywords
personality disorder, cluster, paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsiveAbstract
Personality disorders refer to a collection of mental health conditions defined by persistent deviations from societal norms in thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. These deviations frequently result in challenges in interpersonal relationships, self-perception, and overall functioning, potentially causing distress in various aspects of life. The DSM-5 classifies personality disorders into three clusters. Cluster A contains paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders which are characterized by strange and eccentric behaviors. Cluster B contains narcissistic, histrionic and antisocial personality disorders which are characterized by dramatic and emotional behaviors. Cluster C contains avoidant, dependent and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders which are characterized by anxious and fearful behaviors.
References
Bayes A, Parker G, Paris J. Differential Diagnosis of Bipolar II Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21(12):125. doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1120-2
Caligor E, Levy KN, Yeomans FE. Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Diagnostic and Clinical Challenges. AJP. 2015;172(5):415-422. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14060723
DeLisi M, Drury AJ, Elbert MJ. The etiology of antisocial personality disorder: The differential roles of adverse childhood experiences and childhood psychopathology. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2019;92:1-6. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.04.001
Disney KL. Dependent personality disorder: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review. 2013;33(8):1184-1196. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.10.001
Emmelkamp PMG, Meyerbröker K. Personality Disorders. 2nd ed.; 2020. ISBN:978-1-351-05590-1
Fineberg NA, Reghunandanan S, Kolli S, Atmaca M. Obsessive-compulsive (anankastic) personality disorder: toward the ICD-11 classification. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2014;36(suppl 1):40-50. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1282
Gałecki P, Szulc A. Psychiatria. Edra Urban & Partner; 2018, ISBN: 9788365835901
Gask L, Evans M, Kessler D. Personality disorder. BMJ. 2013;347(sep10 7):f5276-f5276. doi:10.1136/bmj.f5276
Glenn AL, Johnson AK, Raine A. Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Current Review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2013;15(12):427. doi:10.1007/s11920-013-0427-7
Kernberg OF, Michels R. Borderline Personality Disorder. AJP. 2009;166(5):505-508. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09020263
Lammers CH, Vater A, Roepke S. Narzisstische Persönlichkeitsstörung. Nervenarzt. 2013;84(7):879-888. doi:10.1007/s00115-013-3772-1
Lampe L, Malhi G. Avoidant personality disorder: current insights. PRBM. 2018;Volume 11:55-66. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S121073
Leichsenring F, Leibing E, Kruse J, New AS, Leweke F. Borderline personality disorder. The Lancet. 2011;377(9759):74-84. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61422-5
Mancebo MC, Eisen JL, Grant JE, Rasmussen SA. Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Clinical Characteristics, Diagnostic Difficulties, and Treatment. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 2005;17(4):197-204. doi:10.1080/10401230500295305
Marras A, Fineberg N, Pallanti S. Obsessive compulsive and related disorders: comparing DSM-5 and ICD-11. CNS Spectr. 2016;21(4):324-333. doi:10.1017/S1092852916000110
Massaal-van Der Ree LY, Eikelenboom M, Hoogendoorn AW, Thomaes K, Van Marle HJF. Cluster B versus Cluster C Personality Disorders: A Comparison of Comorbidity, Suicidality, Traumatization and Global Functioning. Behavioral Sciences. 2022;12(4):105. doi:10.3390/bs12040105
Miller JD, Lynam DR, Hyatt CS, Campbell WK. Controversies in Narcissism. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2017;13(1):291-315. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045244
Millon T. WHAT IS A PERSONALITY DISORDER? doi:10.1521/pedi.2016.30.3.289
Newlin E, Benjamin W. Personality disorders. Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry. Published online 2015:806-817. doi:10.1212/01.CON.0000466668.02477.0c
Paris J. Antisocial and borderline personality disorders: Two separate diagnoses or two aspects of the same psychopathology? Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1997;38(4):237-242. doi:10.1016/S0010-440X(97)90032-8
Paris J. Differential Diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2018;41(4):575-582. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2018.07.001
Paris J, Chenard-Poirier MP, Biskin R. Antisocial and borderline personality disorders revisited. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2013;54(4):321-325. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.10.006
Pincus AL, Lukowitsky MR. Pathological Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2010;6(1):421-446. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131215
Ronningstam E. Narcissistic Personality Disorder in DSM-V—In Support of Retaining a Significant Diagnosis. Journal of Personality Disorders. 2011;25(2):248-259. doi:10.1521/pedi.2011.25.2.248
Rosa MH. Love at a Distance: Aggression and Hatred in a Schizoid Personality. The Psychoanalytic Review. 2015;102(4):503-530. doi:10.1521/prev.2015.102.4.503
Triebwasser J, Chemerinski E, Roussos P, Siever LJ. PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER. Journal of Personality Disorders. 2013;27(6):795-805. doi:10.1521/pedi_2012_26_055
Triebwasser J, Chemerinski E, Roussos P, Siever LJ. SCHIZOID PERSONALITY DISORDER. Journal of Personality Disorders. 2016;30(3):289-306. doi:10.1521/pedi.2016.30.3.289
Turner D, Sebastian A, Tüscher O. Impulsivity and Cluster B Personality Disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017;19(3):15. doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0768-8
Tyrer P. Personality disorder and public mental health. Clinical Medicine. 2008;8(4):423-427. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.8-4-423
Tyrer P, Reed GM, Crawford MJ. Classification, assessment, prevalence, and effect of personality disorder. The Lancet. 2015;385(9969):717-726. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61995-4
Weinbrecht A, Schulze L, Boettcher J, Renneberg B. Avoidant Personality Disorder: a Current Review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016;18(3):29. doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0665-6
Zhang B, Pan B, Chen J, et al. Hypnotizability and Disordered Personality Styles in Cluster A Personality Disorders. Brain Sciences. 2023;13(2):182. doi:10.3390/brainsci13020182
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Kamil Waloch, Michał Łepik, Zofia Uszok, Krzysztof Rosiak, Kacper Płeska, Kacper Reguła, Joanna Wojtania, Szymon Piaszczyński, Andrzej Czajka, Bartłomiej Szymański
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 564
Number of citations: 0
