The influence of sport climbing on depressive disorders
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/QS.2024.16.003Keywords
Depression, mental disorders, physical activity, climbing, bouldering, emotion regulationAbstract
Introduction:
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), depression is the most common mental disorder, affecting a significant percentage of the adult population. The disease is associated with many negative health consequences and is one of the leading causes of disability and inability to work worldwide. Sports climbing can be a great method, complementary to psychotherapy, used to reduce the symptoms of depressive disorders.
Aim of the study:
The aim of our work is to review and summarize the most interesting conclusions from research on the impact of climbing as a complementary form of treatment for depressive disorders.
Material and methods:
We conducted a review of scientific publications published in the years 2004-2024 in English and Polish in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. We used keywords such as "depression" and "sport climbing".
Conclusions:
Research shows that sport climbing can alleviate depressive symptoms, have a positive impact on emotion regulation and lead to changes in brain functioning.
References
i[1] C. J. L. Murray et al., “Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010,” The Lancet, vol. 380, no. 9859, pp. 2197–2223, Dec. 2012, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4.
D. Chisholm et al., “Scaling-up treatment of depression and anxiety: a global return on investment analysis,” Lancet Psychiatry, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 415–424, May 2016, doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30024-4.
“Depressive disorder (depression).” Accessed: Dec. 21, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression
R. C. Kessler and E. J. Bromet, “The epidemiology of depression across cultures,” Annu. Rev. Public Health, vol. 34, pp. 119–138, 2013, doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114409.
S. Seedat et al., “Cross-national associations between gender and mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys,” Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, vol. 66, no. 7, pp. 785–795, Jul. 2009, doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.36.
F. B. Schuch and B. Stubbs, “The Role of Exercise in Preventing and Treating Depression,” Curr. Sports Med. Rep., vol. 18, no. 8, p. 299, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1249/JSR.0000000000000620.
S. Moussavi, S. Chatterji, E. Verdes, A. Tandon, V. Patel, and B. Ustun, “Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys,” The Lancet, vol. 370, no. 9590, pp. 851–858, Sep. 2007, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61415-9.
C. U. Correll et al., “Prevalence, incidence and mortality from cardiovascular disease in patients with pooled and specific severe mental illness: a large-scale meta-analysis of 3,211,768 patients and 113,383,368 controls,” World Psychiatry, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 163–180, 2017, doi: 10.1002/wps.20420.
D. Vancampfort et al., “Diabetes mellitus in people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder: a systematic review and large scale meta-analysis,” World Psychiatry, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 166–174, 2016, doi: 10.1002/wps.20309.
G. Z. Réus et al., “Neurochemical correlation between major depressive disorder and neurodegenerative diseases,” Life Sci., vol. 158, pp. 121–129, Aug. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.06.027.
M. Pandya, M. Altinay, D. A. Malone, and A. Anand, “Where in the brain is depression?,” Curr. Psychiatry Rep., vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 634–642, Dec. 2012, doi: 10.1007/s11920-012-0322-7.
M. S. Depping, M. M. Schmitgen, K. M. Kubera, and R. C. Wolf, “Cerebellar Contributions to Major Depression,” Front. Psychiatry, vol. 9, p. 634, Nov. 2018, doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00634.
A. Schweizer, “Sport climbing from a medical point of view,” Swiss Med. Wkly., vol. 142, p. w13688, 2012, doi: 10.4414/smw.2012.13688.
K. Y. Woollings, C. D. McKay, and C. A. Emery, “Risk factors for injury in sport climbing and bouldering: a systematic review of the literature,” Br. J. Sports Med., vol. 49, no. 17, pp. 1094–1099, Sep. 2015, doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-094372.
L. Dorscht, N. Karg, S. Book, E. Graessel, J. Kornhuber, and K. Luttenberger, “A German climbing study on depression: a bouldering psychotherapeutic group intervention in outpatients compared with state-of-the-art cognitive behavioural group therapy and physical activation – study protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial,” BMC Psychiatry, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 154, May 2019, doi: 10.1186/s12888-019-2140-5.
G. Zieliński, E. Zięba, and A. Byś, “Review of studies on the impact of climbing as a complementary form of depression treatment and their evaluation according to the QUADAS-2 tool,” Psychiatr. Pol., vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 1341–1356, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.12740/PP/126445.
B. Gieroba, "The impact of physical activity on mental health and cognitive functions, "Med. General Health Sciences", vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 153–161, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.26444/monz/112259.
E. Anderson and G. Shivakumar, “Effects of Exercise and Physical Activity on Anxiety,” Front. Psychiatry, vol. 4, 2013, Accessed: Dec. 22, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00027
L. L. Craft and F. M. Perna, “The Benefits of Exercise for the Clinically Depressed,” Prim. Care Companion J. Clin. Psychiatry, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 104–111, 2004.
L. Schwarz, L. Dorscht, S. Book, E.-M. Stelzer, J. Kornhuber, and K. Luttenberger, “Long-term effects of bouldering psychotherapy on depression: benefits can be maintained across a 12-month follow-up,” Heliyon, vol. 5, no. 12, p. e02929, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02929.
G. Jackson-Koku, “Beck Depression Inventory,” Occup. Med., vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 174–175, Mar. 2016, doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqv087.
K. Luttenberger, E.-M. Stelzer, S. Först, M. Schopper, J. Kornhuber, and S. Book, “Indoor rock climbing (bouldering) as a new treatment for depression: study design of a waitlist-controlled randomized group pilot study and the first results,” BMC Psychiatry, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 201, Aug. 2015, doi: 10.1186/s12888-015-0585-8.
W. McDermut, I. W. Miller, and R. A. Brown, “The Efficacy of Group Psychotherapy for Depression: A Meta-analysis and Review of the Empirical Research,” Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 98–116, 2001, doi: 10.1093/clipsy.8.1.98.
E.-M. Stelzer, S. Book, E. Graessel, B. Hofner, J. Kornhuber, and K. Luttenberger, “Bouldering psychotherapy reduces depressive symptoms even when general physical activity is controlled for: A randomized controlled trial,” Heliyon, vol. 4, no. 3, p. e00580, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00580.
A. Sanchez, C. Vazquez, C. Marker, J. LeMoult, and J. Joormann, “Attentional disengagement predicts stress recovery in depression: An eye-tracking study,” J. Abnorm. Psychol., vol. 122, no. 2, pp. 303–313, 2013, doi: 10.1037/a0031529.
M. A. Kenny and J. M. G. Williams, “Treatment-resistant depressed patients show a good response to Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy,” Behav. Res. Ther., vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 617–625, Mar. 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.04.008.
“The Emerging Field of Emotion Regulation: An Integrative Review - James J. Gross, 1998.” Accessed: Jan. 02, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
J. Joormann and M. E. Quinn, “Cognitive Processes and Emotion Regulation in Depression,” Depress. Anxiety, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 308–315, 2014, doi: 10.1002/da.22264.
M. Kleinstäuber, M. Reuter, N. Doll, and A. J. Fallgatter, “Rock climbing and acute emotion regulation in patients with major depressive disorder in the context of a psychological inpatient treatment: a controlled pilot trial,” Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag., vol. 10, pp. 277–281, Aug. 2017, doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S143830.
P. Belujon and A. A. Grace, “Dopamine System Dysregulation in Major Depressive Disorders,” Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 1036–1046, Jun. 2017, doi: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx056.
E. Cawley et al., “Dopamine and light: effects on facial emotion recognition,” J. Psychopharmacol. Oxf. Engl., vol. 31, no. 9, pp. 1225–1233, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1177/0269881117711707.
A. M. Young, R. G. Ahier, R. L. Upton, M. H. Joseph, and J. A. Gray, “Increased extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of the rat during associative learning of neutral stimuli,” Neuroscience, vol. 83, no. 4, pp. 1175–1183, Apr. 1998, doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00483-1.
D. Hague and D. Hunter, Rock Climbing, Bellona, 2009.
M. Chalimoniuk and J. Langfort, Dopamine as a Mediator of the Extrapyramidal System Participating in the Regulation of Movement, "Kosmos", vol. 69, no. 4, Art. no. 4, 2020, doi: 10.36921/kos.2020_2738.
J. H. Kerr and S. Houge Mackenzie, “Multiple motives for participating in adventure sports,” Psychol. Sport Exerc., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 649–657, Sep. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.04.002.
T. Woodman, L. Hardy, M. Barlow, and C. L. Scanff, “Motives for participation in prolonged engagement high-risk sports: An agentic emotion regulation perspective,” Psychol. Sport Exerc., vol. 11, no. 5, p. 345, 2010.
M. M. Bradley, M. K. Greenwald, M. C. Petry, and P. J. Lang, “Remembering pictures: pleasure and arousal in memory,” J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 379–390, Mar. 1992, doi: 10.1037//0278-7393.18.2.379.
T. Sommer, J. Gläscher, S. Moritz, and C. Büchel, “Emotional enhancement effect of memory: removing the influence of cognitive factors,” Learn. Mem. Cold Spring Harb. N, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 569–573, Aug. 2008, doi: 10.1101/lm.995108.
E. Gilboa-Schechtman, D. Erhard-Weiss, and P. Jeczemien, “Interpersonal deficits meet cognitive biases: memory for facial expressions in depressed and anxious men and women,” Psychiatry Res., vol. 113, no. 3, pp. 279–293, Dec. 2002, doi: 10.1016/s0165-1781(02)00266-4.
R. J. Holt et al., “Functional MRI of emotional memory in adolescent depression,” Dev. Cogn. Neurosci., vol. 19, pp. 31–41, Jun. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.12.013.
L. Xu et al., “Relationship between cerebellar structure and emotional memory in depression,” Brain Behav., vol. 7, no. 7, p. e00738, May 2017, doi: 10.1002/brb3.738.
S. L. Naismith, J. Lagopoulos, P. B. Ward, C. G. Davey, C. Little, and I. B. Hickie, “Fronto-striatal correlates of impaired implicit sequence learning in major depression: an fMRI study,” J. Affect. Disord., vol. 125, no. 1–3, pp. 256–261, Sep. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.02.114.
W. Guo et al., “Disrupted regional homogeneity in treatment-resistant depression: a resting-state fMRI study,” Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 1297–1302, Jul. 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.02.006.
L. Liu et al., “Altered cerebellar functional connectivity with intrinsic connectivity networks in adults with major depressive disorder,” PloS One, vol. 7, no. 6, p. e39516, 2012, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039516.
L. Baldaçara, J. G. F. Borgio, A. L. T. de Lacerda, and A. P. Jackowski, “Cerebellum and psychiatric disorders,” Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr. Sao Paulo Braz. 1999, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 281–289, Sep. 2008, doi: 10.1590/s1516-44462008000300016.
J. E. Black, K. R. Isaacs, B. J. Anderson, A. A. Alcantara, and W. T. Greenough, “Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., vol. 87, no. 14, pp. 5568–5572, Jul. 1990, doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.14.5568.
P. T. Tsai et al., “Autistic-like behaviour and cerebellar dysfunction in Purkinje cell Tsc1 mutant mice,” Nature, vol. 488, no. 7413, pp. 647–651, Aug. 2012, doi: 10.1038/nature11310.
W. Swędzioł, "Natural Spaces as an Area for Health Promotion – Selected Cognitive Perspectives and a Review of Research," Soc. Work Rev., vol. 2018, no. Volume 23, number 4, Art. no. Volume 23, number 4 Dec. 2018, doi: 10.4467/24496138ZPS.18.020.10075.
C. A. Capaldi, R. L. Dopko, and J. M. Zelenski, “The relationship between nature connectedness and happiness: a meta-analysis,” Front. Psychol., vol. 5, 2014, Accessed: Jan. 08, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00976
A. Pritchard, M. Richardson, D. Sheffield, and K. McEwan, “The Relationship Between Nature Connectedness and Eudaimonic Well-Being: A Meta-analysis,” J. Happiness Stud., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 1145–1167, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s10902-019-00118-6.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Sara Rosołowska-Żak, Sambura Sambura, Patrycja Paschke, Igor Miczek, Julia Pałuchowska, Anna Szymkowicz
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 294
Number of citations: 0
