The Manifestations of Positive Leadership Strategies in the Doctrinal Assumptions of the U.S. Army Leadership Concept
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/JCRL.2015.004Keywords
military leadership, positive leadership, positive climate, positive relationships, positive communication, positive meaningAbstract
The aim of the paper is to identify the manifestations of positive leadership strategies in the doctrinal assumptions of the U.S. Army leadership concept. The components of the U.S. Army leadership requirements model are be tested against the Cameron’s (2012) model of positive leadership strategies including: building a positive work climate; fostering positive relationships among the members of an organisation; establishing and promoting positive communication and manifesting the meaningfulness of work.
References
ADP 6 – 0 (2012), Mission Command, Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington. Retrieved from http://armypubs.army.mil/doctrine/DR_pubs/dr_a/pdf/adp6_0_new.pdf. (accessed 12 February 2015).
ADP 6 – 22 (2012), Army Leadership, Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington. Retrieved from http://armypubs.army.mil/doctrine/DR_pubs/dr_a/pdf/adp6_2pdf (accessed 14 June 2015).
ADP 7 – 0 (2012), Training Units and Developing Leaders, Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington. Retrieved from http://armypubs.army.mil/doctrine/DR_pubs/dr_a/pdf/adp7_pdf. (accessed 12 February 2015).
ADRP 6 – 0 (2012), Mission Command, Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington. Retrieved from http://armypubs.army.mil/doctrine/DR_pubs/dr_a/pdf/adrp6_0_new.pdf. (accessed 22 February 2015).
ADRP 6 – 22 (2012), Army Leadership, Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington. Retrieved from http://armypubs.army.mil/doctrine/DR_pubs/dr_a/pdf/adrp6_2pdf (accessed 14 June 2015).
ADRP 7 – 0 (2012). Training Units and Developing Leaders, Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington. Retrieved from http://armypubs.army.mil/doctrine/DR_pubs/dr_a/pdf/adrp7_pdf. (accessed 22 February 2015).
Allen, T.D., Turner de Tormes Eby, L. (2012), “The Study of Interpersonal Relationships: An Introduction”, in: Turner de Tormes Eby, L., Allen, T.D. (Eds.), Personal Relationships: The Effect on Employee Attitudes, Behavior, and Well-being, Routledge, New York, pp. 3 – 14.
AR 600 – 100 (2007), Army Leadership, Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington. Retrieved from http://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/pdf/r600_10pdf (accessed 20 June 2015).
AR 600 – 20 (2014), Army Command Policy, Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington. Retrieved from http://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/pdf/r600_2pdf (accessed 04 December 2015).
Avolio, B.J., Walumbwa F.O., Weber, T.J. (2009), “Leadership: Current Theories, Research, and Future Directions”, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 60, pp. 421 – 449.
Baker, W., Cross, R., Wooten, M. (2003), “Positive Organizational Network Analysis and Energizing Relationships”, in: Cameron, K.S., Dutton, J.E., Quinn, R.E. (Eds.), Positive Organizational Scholarship: Foundations of a New Discipline, Berett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco, pp. 328 – 342.
Bellah, R.N., Madsen, R., Sullivan, W.M., Swidler, A., Tipton, S.M. (1985), Habits of the Heart, Harper & Row, New York.
Bono, G., Emmons, R.A., McCullough, M.E. (2004), “Gratitude in Practice and the Practice of Gratitude”, in: Linley, P.A., Joseph, S., Positive Psychology in Practice, Wiley, Hoboken pp. 464 – 481.
Cameron, K.S. (2001), “Leadership through Organizational Forgiveness”, Leading in Trying Times, University of Michigan Business School. Retrieved from http://www.centerforpos.org/wp-content/uploads/CPOSweb-TryingTimes-Cameron-LeadershipForgiveness.pdf (accessed 04 December 2015).
Cameron, K.S. (2007), “Forgiveness in Organizations”, in: Nelson, D.L., Cooper, C.L., Positive Organizational Behavior: Accentuating the Positive at Work, SAGE, London, pp. 129 – 142.
Cameron, K.S. (2011), “Building Relationships by Communicating Supportively”, in: Whetten D.A., Cameron, K.S. (Eds.), Developing Management Skills, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, pp. 233 – 278.
Cameron, K.S. (2012), Positive Leadership: Strategies for Extraordinary Performance, Berett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco.
Cameron, K.S., Dutton, J.E., Quinn, R.E. (Eds.) (2003), Positive Organizational Scholarship: Foundations of a New Discipline, Berett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco.
Carlsen, A., Landsverk Hagen, A., Mortensen, T.F. (2012), “Imagining Hope in Organisations: From Individual Goal-attainment to Horizons of Relational Possibility”, in: Cameron, K.S., Spreitzer, G.M. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organisational Scholarship, Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York, pp. 288 – 303.
Clifton, D.O., Harter J.K. (2003), “Investing in Strengths”, in: Cameron, K.S., Dutton, J.E., Quinn, R.E. (Eds.), Positive Organizational Scholarship: Foundations of a New Discipline, Berett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco, pp. 111 – 121.
Cross, R., Baker, W., Parker, A. (2003), “What Creates Energy in Organizations?”, MIT Sloan Management Review, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 51 – 56.
Davenport, T.H., Prusak, L. (1998), Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
Dutton, J.E., Ragins, B.R. (Eds.) (2007), Exploring Positive Relationships at Work: Building a Theoretical and Research Foundation, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah.
Dutton, J., Frost, P., Lilius, J., Worline M. (2005), “Explaining Compassion Organizing Competence”, Working Paper, No. 993, Ross School of Business, University of Michigan.
Dutton, J.E., Worline M., Frost, P.J., Lilius P.J. (2006), “Explaining Compassion Organizing”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 51, Issue 1, pp. 59 – 96.
Emmons, R.A. (2003), “Acts of Gratitude in Organizations”, in: Cameron, K.S., Dutton, J.E., Quinn, R.E. (Eds.), Positive Organizational Scholarship: Foundations of a New Discipline, Berett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco, pp. 81 – 93.
Fehr, R., Gelfand, M.J. (2012), “The Forgiving Organization: A Multilevel Model of Forgiveness at Work”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 664 – 688.
Flyvbjerg, B. (2006), “Five Misunderstandings About Case-Study Research”, Qualitative Inquiry, Vol. 12, Issue 2, pp. 219 – 245.
FM 6 – 22 (2006), Army Leadership: Competent, Confident and Agile, Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington. Retrieved from http://armypubs.army.mil/doctrine/DR_pubs/dr_a/pdf/fm6_2pdf (accessed 20 June 2015).
FM 6 – 22 (2015), Leader Development, Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington.Retrieved from http://armypubs.army.mil/doctrine/DR_pubs/dr_a/pdf/fm6_2pdf (accessed 04 December 2015).
Gardner, W.L., Avolio, B.J., Luthans, F., May, D.R., Walumbwa, F.O. (2005), “≫Can You See the Real Me?≪ A Self-based Model of Authentic Leadership and Follower Development”, Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 16, Issue 3, pp. 343 – 372.
Glińska-Neweś, A., Stankiewicz, M.J. (2013), “Key Areas of Positive Organisational Potential as Accelerators of Pro-developmental Employee Behaviours”, in: Stankiewicz, M.J. (Ed.), Positive Management: Managing the Key Areas of Positive Organisational Potential for Company Success, Dom Organizatora TNOiK, Toruń, pp. 17 – 34.
Ilies, R., Morgeson F.P., Nahrgang, J.D. (2005), “Authentic Leadership and Eudaemonic
Well-being: Understanding Leader-follower Outcomes”, Leadership Quarterly,
Vol. 16, Issue 3, pp. 373 – 394.
JP 1 – 02 (2010), Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, U.S. Joint Staff. Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1_0pdf (accessed 20 June 2015).
Kahn, W.A. (1990), “Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 33, Issue 4, pp. 692 – 724.
Kalińska, M. (2010), “Pozytywny klimat organizacji jako pożądany efekt Pozytywnego Potencjału Organizacji”, in: Stankiewicz, M.J. (Ed.), Pozytywny Potencjał Organizacji: Wstęp do użytecznej teorii zarządzania, Dom Organizatora TNOiK, Toruń, pp. 107 – 140.
Kanov, J.M., Maitlis, S., Worline, M.C., Dutton, J.E., Frost, P.J., Lilius, J.M. (2004), “Compassion in Organizational Life”, American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 47, Issue 6, pp. 808 – 827.
Karaszewski, R., Lis, A. (2013), “The Role of Leadership to Stimulate Pro-developmental Positive Organisational Potential”, in: Stankiewicz, M.J. (Ed.), Positive Management: Managing the Key Areas of Positive Organisational Potential for Company Success, Dom Organizatora TNOiK, Toruń, pp. 59 – 87.
Kelman, H.C. (1958), “Compliance, Identification, and Internationalization: Three Processes of Attitude Change”, Conflict Resolution, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp. 51 – 60.
Lilius, J.M., Worline, M.C., Maitlis, S., Kanov, J.M., Dutton, J.E., Frost, P. (2008), “The Contours and Consequences of Compassion at Work”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 29, Issue 2, pp. 193 – 218.
Lilius, J.M., Worline, M.C., Dutton, J.E., Kanov, J.M., Maitlis, S. (2011), “Understanding Compassion Capability”, Human Relations, Vol. 64, Issue 7, pp. 873 – 899.
Lis, A. (2014), “Knowledge Creation and Conversion in Military Organizations: How the SECI Model is Applied Within Armed Forces”, Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation, Vol. 10, Issue 1, pp. 57 – 78.
Lis, A. (2015), “The role of Leadership in Shaping a Positive Organizational Culture and a Positive Organizational Climate: The case of Military Organizations”, in: Raczyńska M., Krukowski K., Siemiński M. (Eds.), Managing Public Organizations in Theory and Practice, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego, Olsztyn, pp. 65 – 75.
Lis, A., Glińska-Neweś, A., Kalińska, M. (2014), “The Role of Leadership in Shaping Interpersonal Relationships in the Context of Positive Organizational Potential”, Journal of Positive Management, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 28 – 49.
Litwin, G.H., Stringer, R.A. (1968), Motivation and Organizational Climate, Harvard Business School, Cambridge.
Lopes, M.P., Cunha, M.P., Kaiser, S., Muller-Seitz, G. (2009), “Positive Organizational Scholarship: Embodying a Humanistic Perspective on Business”, in: Spitzeck, H., Pirson, M., Amann, W., Khan, S., Kimakowitz, E. (Eds.), Humanism in Business: State of the Art, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 278 – 298.
Luthans, F., Avolio, B. (2003), “Authentic Leadership Development”, in: Cameron, K.S., Dutton, J.E., Quinn, R.E. (Eds.), Positive Organizational Scholarship: Foundations of a New Discipline, Berett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco, pp. 241 – 258.
Matejun, M. (2011), “Metoda badania przypadków w naukach o zarządzaniu”, Ekonomika i Organizacja Przedsiębiorstwa, No. 10, pp. 93 – 102.
May, D.R., Gilson, R.L., Harter, L.M. (2004), “The Psychological Conditions of Meaningfulness, Safety and Availability and the Engagement of the Human Spirit at Work”, Journal of Occupations and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 77, Issue 1, pp. 11 – 37.
Mayer, D.M. (2012), “A Positive Lens on Organisational Justice: Toward a Moral, Constructive, and Balanced Approach to Reactions to Third Party (In)justice”, in: Cameron, K.S., Spreitzer, G.M. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organisational Scholarship, Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York, pp. 316 – 324.
Mishra, A.K., Mishra K.E. (2012), “Positive Organizational Scholarship and Trust in Leaders”, in: Cameron, K.S., Spreitzer, G.M. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship, Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York, pp. 449 – 461.
Myers, M.D. (2010), “Case Study Research”, in: Frenz, M., Nielsen, K., Walters, G. (Eds.), Research Methods in Management, SAGE, London, pp. 227 – 248.
O’Reilly, Ch.A., Chatman, J.A. (1996), “Culture as Social Control: Corporations, Cults and Commitment”, Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 18, pp. 157 – 200.
Park, N., Peterson, Ch.M. (2003), “Virtues and Organizations”, in: Cameron, K.S., Dutton, J.E., Quinn, R.E. (Eds.), Positive Organizational Scholarship: Foundations of a New Discipline, Berett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco, pp. 33 – 47.
Quinn, R.E. (2005), “Moments of Greatness: Entering the Fundamental State of Leadership”, Harvard Business Review, July-August, pp. 75 – 83.
Roberts, L.M., Dutton, J.E., Spreitzer, G.M., Heaphy E.D., Quinn, R.E. (2005), “Composing the Reflected Best-Self Portrait: Building Pathways for Becoming Extraordinary in Work Organizations”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 30,
No. 4, pp. 712 – 736.
Spreitzer, G. (1995), “Psychological Empowerment in the Work Place: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38, Issue 5, pp. 1442 – 1465.
Stake, R.E. (2010), “Jakościowe studium przypadku”, in: Denzin, N.K., Lincoln, Y.S. (Eds.), Metody badań jakościowych (Vol. 1), PWN, Warszawa, pp. 623 – 654.
Stankiewicz, M.J. (Ed.) (2013), Positive Management: Managing the Key Areas of Positive Organisational Potential for Company Success, Dom Organizatora TNOiK, Toruń.
Strumińska-Kutra, M., Koładkiewicz, I. (2012), “Studium przypadku”, in: Jemielniak, D. (Ed.), Badania jakościowe: Metody i narzędzia (Vol. 2), PWN, Warszawa, pp. 1 – 40.
Turner de Tormes Eby, L., Allen, T.D. (Eds.) (2012), Personal Relationships: The Effect on Employee Attitudes, Behavior, and Well-being, Routledge, New York.
Wińska, J. (2013), “Language of Internal Communication in Creating Pro-developmental POP Outcomes”, in: Stankiewicz, M.J. (Ed.), Positive Management: Managing the Key Areas of Positive Organisational Potential for Company Success, Dom Organizatora TNOiK, Toruń, pp. 203 – 227.
Yin, R.K. (2003), Case Study Research: Design and Methods, SAGE, Thousand Oaks.
Yin, R.K. (2009), Case Study Research: Design and Methods, SAGE, Thousand Oaks.
Yin, R.K. (2010), “Designing Case Studies”, in: Frenz, M., Nielsen, K., Walters, G. (Eds.), Research Methods in Management, SAGE, London, pp. 185 – 226.
Youssef, C.M., Luthans, F. (2012a), “Positive Global Leadership”, Journal of World Business, Vol. 47, Issue 4, pp. 539 – 547.
Youssef, C.M., Luthans, F. (2012b), “Psychological Capital: Meaning, Findings and Future Directions”, in: Cameron, K.S., Spreitzer, G.M. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship, Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York, pp. 17 – 27.
Van Zyl, L.E., Deacon, E., Rothmann, S. (2010), “Towards Happiness: Experiences of Work-Role Fit, Meaningfulness and Work Engagement of Industrial/Organisational Psychologists in South Africa”, South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, Vol. 36, No. 1.
Walumbwa, F, Avolio, B., Gardner, W., Wernsing, T., Peterson, S. (2008), “Authentic Leadership: Development and Validation of a Theory Based Measure”, Journal of Management, Vol. 34, Issue 1, pp. 89 – 126.
Wójcik, P. (2013), “Znaczenie studium przypadku jako metody badawczej w naukach o zarządzaniu”, E-mentor, 2013, No. 1(48), pp. 17 – 22.
Wrzesniewski, A. (2003), “Finding Positive Meaning in Work”, in: Cameron, K.S., Dutton, J.E., Quinn, R.E. (Eds.) (2003), Positive Organizational Scholarship: Foundations of a New Discipline, Berett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco, pp. 296 – 308.
Wrzesniewski, A., Dutton, J.E. (2001), “Crafting a Job: Revisioning Employees as Active Crafters of their Work”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 26, Issue 2, pp. 179 – 201.
Wrzesniewski, A., McCauley, C., Rozin, P., Schwartz, B. (1997), “Jobs, Careers and Callings: People’s Relations to Their Work”, Journal of Research in Personality, Vol. 31, Issue 1, pp. 21 – 33.
Wrzesniewski, A., LoBuglio, N., Dutton, J.E., Berg, J.M. (2013), “Job Crafting and Cultivating Positive Meaning and Identity in Work”, Advances in Positive Organizational Psychology, Vol. 1, pp. 281 – 302.
Zbierowski, P, Gora, K. (2014), Positive Leadership: Its Nature, Antecedents and Consequences, Journal of Positive Management, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 85 – 99.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 39
Number of citations: 0
