Jak zmiany klimatu wpływają na owady zapylające? Wyzwania i strategie adaptacyjne
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/KOSMOS.2025.028Słowa kluczowe
fale upałów, krzywa wydolności termicznej, stres cieplny, termoregulacja, zapylacze, zmiany klimatuAbstrakt
Owady zapylające odgrywają kluczową rolę w funkcjonowaniu ekosystemów oraz w produkcji żywności, jednak postępujące zmiany klimatu coraz silniej wpływają na ich kondycję i przeżywalność. Wzrost średnich temperatur oraz rosnąca częstość i intensywność fal upałów prowadzą do przekraczania granic tolerancji termicznej, powodując spadek wydolności fizjologicznej oraz wzrost śmiertelności. Zależność między temperaturą ciała a funkcjonowaniem organizmu dobrze opisuje krzywa wydolności termicznej, która pozwala ocenić wrażliwość zapylaczy na stres cieplny, w tym skutki działania temperatur subletalnych. Istotną rolę w odpowiedzi na ocieplenie odgrywają cechy takie jak wielkość ciała, stopień melanizacji oraz zdolność do regulacji temperatury poprzez behawior i procesy fizjologiczne. Strategie unikania przegrzania różnią się między gatunkami i stadiami rozwojowymi, a ich skuteczność zależy od warunków mikroklimatycznych oraz oddziaływania innych stresorów środowiskowych. Złożoność tych zależności utrudnia prognozowanie przyszłych zmian liczebności zapylaczy i wymaga podejścia integrującego ekologię, fizjologię i naukę o klimacie.
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