Biologiczne skorupy glebowe – niewidoczni inżynierowie ekosystemów
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/KOSMOS.2025.010Słowa kluczowe
biologiczne skorupy glebowe, obszary suche, gleba, sukcesja ekologiczna, wskaźniki funkcjonalneAbstrakt
Biologiczne skorupy glebowe (bioskorupy) to asocjacje sinic (cyjanobakterii), glonów, porostów, mszaków i mikroorganizmów heterotroficznych ściśle związanych z cząstkami gleby i tworzących miniaturowy ekosystem na jej powierzchni. Rozwijają się w szerokim spektrum warunków klimatycznych, ale najpowszechniej występują w klimatach suchych i półsuchych, pokrywając około 12% powierzchni lądowych Ziemi. Wraz z postępem sukcesji bioskorupy stają się bardziej złożone pod względem struktury i funkcji, co wiąże się ze wzrostem ich różnorodności biologicznej oraz zdolności do pełnienia kluczowych ról w ekosystemie. Bioskorupy stabilizują powierzchnię gleby, ograniczają erozję, wspomagają retencję wody, uczestniczą w obiegu kluczowych pierwiastków oraz tworzą warunki sprzyjające kolonizacji przez inne organizmy, wspierając w ten sposób regenerację i funkcjonowanie całych ekosystemów. Jednocześnie są one bardzo wrażliwe na zaburzenia środowiskowe, zarówno naturalne, jak i spowodowane działalnością człowieka. W świetle rosnących zagrożeń związanych z pustynnieniem i degradacją gleb, dalsze badania nad bioskorupami oraz rozwój metod ich ochrony i wykorzystania w rekultywacji terenów zdegradowanych, zwłaszcza w suchych regionach, mogą znacząco przyczynić się do zrównoważonego zarządzania zasobami naturalnymi i tworzenia praktycznych rozwiązań wspierających ochronę środowiska.
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