Strategies for Disciplining Children Used by Non-heterosexual Parents and Their Partners – a Case Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/PBE.2015.037Keywords
disciplining strategies, love-oriented discipline, power-assertive discipline, inductive discipline, LGBT parents, moral development, children of LGBT parentsAbstract
The article presents the results of a qualitative research conducted between 2010 and 2014. The participants of the study were non-heterosexual parents and their partners bringing up a child.The research problem concerned disciplining strategies. Data analysis and interpretation of the results was conducted in the context of the theory of moral development by L.M. Hoffman. Out of the seven cases analysed, evidence for the use of inductive discipline was found in two. Other participants combined either the strategy of induction and the powerassertive discipline, or the power-assertive discipline and the love-oriented discipline.
References
Baptist J. A., Allen K. R. (2008), A Family’s Coming Out Process: Systematic Changes and Multiple Realities, “Contemporary Family Therapy”, 30, 92–110.
Baumrid D. (1971), Current Patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monographs,
, 1–101.
Baumrid D. (1978), Parental disciplinary patterns and social competence in children, “Youth & Society”, 9, 239–276.
Bigner J. J., Jacobsen R. B. (1989), Parenting behaviors of homosexual and heterosexual
fathers, “Journal of Homosexuality”, 18:173–186.
Bojarska K., Kowalczyk R. (2010), Homoseksualność i społeczeństwo, [w:] Z. Lew-Starowicz, V. Skrzypulec (red.), Podstawy seksuologii, Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL, Warszawa.
Bos H. M. W., Balen F., Boom D. C. (2005), Lesbian family and family functioning: an overview, “Patient Education and Counseling”, 59.
Bozett F. W. (1980), Gay Fathers: How and Why They Disclose Their Homosexuality to Their Children, “Family Relations”, Vol. 29, No. 2.
Bozett F. W. (1987), Gay and Lesbian Parents, Praeger, New York.
Bozett F. W. (1988), Social control of identity by children of gay fathers, “Western Journal of
Nursing Research”, 10, 550–565.
Breawaes A., Devroey P., Helmerhorst F. M., van Hall E. C., Ponjaert I. (1995), Lesbian mothers who conceived after donor insemination: a follow-up study, “Human Reproduction”, 10, 2731–2735.
Breawaes A., Ponjaert I., van Steirteghem A. C., Devroey P. (1993), Children from anonymous donors: an inquiry into homosexual and heterosexual parents’ attitudes, “Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology”, 14, 23–35.
Brewaeys A., Ponjaert I., Hall E. V., Golombok S. (1997), Donor insemination: Child development
and family functioning in lesbian mother families, “Human Reproduction”, 12, 1349–1359.
Chan R. W., Raboy B., Patterson C. J. (1998), Psychosocial adjustment among children conceived via donor insemination by lesbian and heterosexual mothers, “Child Development”, 69, 443–457.
Chirrey D. A., (2003), “I hereby come out”: What sort of speech act is coming out?, “Journal of Sociolinguistics”, 7/1, 24–37.
Darling N., Steinberg L. (1993), Parenting style as context: An integrative model, “Psychological
Bulletin”, 113, 487–496.
Eisenberg, N., Morris, A. S. (2001), The origins and social significance of empathy-related responding, “Social Justice”, 14, 95–120.
Gartell N., Banks A., Hamilton J., Reed N., Bishop H., Rodas C. (1999), The National Lesbian Family Study: 2. Interviews with Mothers of Toddlers, “American Journal of Orthopsychiatry”, 69(3), 362–369
Gartell N., Banks A., Reed N., Hamilton J., Rodas C., Deck A. (2000), The National Lesbian Family Study: 3. Interviews with Mothers of Five-Year-Olds, “American Journal of Orthopsychiatry”, 70(4), 542–548.
Gartell N., Hamilton J., Banks A., Mosbacher D., Reed N., Sparks C. H., Bishop H. (1996), The National Lesbian Family Study: 1. Interviews with prospective mothers, “American Journal of Orthopsychiatry”, 66, 272–281.
Gershon T. D., Tschann J. M., Jemerin J. M. (1999), Stigmatization, self-esteem, and coping among the adolescent children of lesbian mothers, “Journal of Adolescent Health”, 24, 437–445.
Golombok S. (2002), Why I study… lesbian mothers?, “The Psychologist”, Vol. 15, No. 11.
Golombok S., Perry B., Burston A., Murray C., Mooney-Somers J., Stevens M., Golding J. (2003), Children With Lesbian Mothers: A Community Study, “Developmental Psychology”, Vol. 39, No.1.
Golombok S., Spencer A., Rutter M. (1983), Children in lesbian and single parent household:
psychosexual and psychiatric appraisal, “Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry”, 24, 551–572.
Golombok S., Tasker F. (1996), Do Parents Influence the Sexual Orientation of Their Children?
Findings From a Longitudinal Study of Lesbian Families, “Development Psychology”, 32 (1), 3–11.
Golombok S., Tasker F. (1997), Children Raised in Fatherless Families from Infancy: Family
Relationships and the Socioemotional Development of Children of Lesbian and Single Heterosexual Mothers, “Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines”,38(7), 783–791.
Gottman J. S. (1990), Children of gay and lesbian parents, [w:] F. W. Bozett I M. B. Sussman
(eds.), Homosexuality and family relations, 177–196, Harrington Park, New York.
Green R. (1978) Sexual identity of 37 children raised by homosexual or transsexual parents, “The American Journal of Psychiatry”, vol. 135, 692–697.
Green R., Mandel J., Hotveld M., Gray J., Smith L. (1986), Lesbian mothers and their children:
a comparison with solo parent heterosexual mothers and their children, “Archives of Sexual Behavior”, 15, 167–184.
Harris M. B., Turner P. H. (1985), Gay and lesbian parents, “Journal of Homosexuality”, 12, 101–113.
Hoeffer B. (1981), Children’s acquisition of sex-role behavior in lesbian-mother families, “American Journal of Orthopsychiatry”, 51, 536–544.
Hoffman L. M. (1963), Parent discipline and the child’s consideration for others, “Child Development”, 34, 573–588.
Hoffman L. M. (1970), Conscience, personality, and socialization techniques, “Human Development”, 23, 90–126.
Hoffman M. L. (2006), Empatia i rozwój moralny, Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne, Gdańsk.
Hoffman M. L., Saltzstein H. D. (1967), Parent discipline and the child’s moral development,
“Journal of Personality and Social Psychology”, 5, 45–57.
Hotveld M., Mandel J. (1982), Children of lesbian mothers, [w:] P. W. Weinrich, J. Gonsiorek,
M. Hotveld, (eds.), Homosexuality: Social, Psychological and Biological Issues,
Beverly Hills, Sage, 275–285.
Huggins S. (1989), A comparative study of self esteem of adolescent children of divorced lesbian mothers and divorced heterosexual mothers, [w:] F. W. Bozett (red.), Homosexuality and the Family, Harrington Park, New York, 123–135.
Izdebski Z. (1992), Seksualizm dzieci i młodzieży w Polsce: raport z badań, Wyd. WSP, Zielona Góra.
Javaid G. A. (1993), The children of homosexual and heterosexual single mothers, “Child Psychiatry and Human Development”, 23, 235–248.
Joos K. E., Broad K. L. (2007), Coming Out of the Family Closet: Stories of Adult Women
with LGBTQ Parent(s), “Qualitative Sociology”, 30, 275–295.
Kirkpatrick M., Smith C. i Roy R. (1981), Lesbian mothers and their children: A comparative
survey, “American Journal of Orthopsychiatry”, 51, 545–551.
Koepke L., Hare J., Moran P. B. (1992), Relationship Quality in a Sample of Lesbian Couples with Children and Child-Free Lesbian Couples, “Family Relations”, 41 (2), 224–229.
Kuvulanka K. A., Goldberg A. E. (2009), “Second Generation” Voices: Queer Youth with
Lesbian/Bisexual Mothers, “Journal of Youth and Adolescent”, 38, 904–919.
Lewin E., Lyons T. A. (1982), Everything in its place. The coexistence of lesbianism and motherhood,
[w:] P. W. Weinrich, J. Gonsiorek, M. Hotveld, (eds.), Homosexuality: Social, Psychological and Biological Issues, Sage, Beverly Hills, 249–273.
Lewis K. G. (1980), Children of lesbians: their point of view, “Social Work” (May), 198–203.
Lewis K. G. (1990), Children of lesbians: their point of view, “Social Work”, 25, 193–198.
Maccoby E. E., Matrin J. A. (1983), Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction, [w:] E. M. Hetherington (ed.), Handbook of child psychology, 4. Socialization, personality, and social interaction, Wiley, New York.
McCandlish B. M. (1987), Against all odds: Lesbian mother family dynamics, [w:] F. W. Bozett (ed.), Gay and Lesbian Parents, Praeger, London.
Miller B. (1979), Gay Father and Their Children, “The Family Coordinator”, Vol. 28, No. 4, s. 544–552.
Miller J., Jacobson R., Bigger J. (1981), The child’s home environment for lesbian vs. heterosexual
mothers. A neglected area of research, “Journal of Homosexuality”, 7, 49–56.
Morris J. F., Balsam K. F., Rothbum E. D. (2002), Lesbian and bisexual mothers and nonmothers:
demographics and the coming-out process, “Journal of Family Psychology”, 16, 144–156.
Mucklow B., Phelan G. (1979), Lesbian and traditional mothers’ responses to child behavior and self concept, “Psychological Report”, 44, 880–2.
O’Connel A. (1993), Voices from the heart: The developmental impact of a mother’s lesbianism
on her adolescent children, Smith College Studies in Social Work, 63, 281–299.
Patterson C. J. (1995), Families of the baby boom: Parents division of labor and children’s adjustment, “Developmental Psychology”, 31, 115–123.
Prokopowicz P. (2008), Psychologiczne, społeczne oraz prawne aspekty wychowywania dzieci przez pary homoseksualne, (red.), K. Slany, B. Kowalska, M. Śmietana, Zakład Wydawniczy NOMOS, Kraków.
Rand C., Graham D., Rawlings E. (1982), Psychological health and factors the court seeks to control in lesbian mother custody trails, “Journal of Homosexuality”, 8, 27–39.
Rubacha K. (2008), Metodologia badań nad edukacją, Wyd. Akademickie i Profesjonalne, Warszawa.
Schaffer H. R. (1996), Rozwój społeczny. Dzieciństwo i młodość, Wyd. Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego,
Kraków.
Słownik Socjologii Jakościowej (2012), (red.) K. T. Konecki, P. Chomczyński, Wyd. Difin, Warszawa.
Spera C. (2005), A Review of the Relationship Among Parenting Practices, Parenting Styles,
and Adolescent School Achievement, “Educational Psychology Review”, Vol. 17, No. 2, 125–146.
Stafford L., Bayer C. L. (1993), Interaction between parents and children, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Steckel A. (1987), Psychological development of children of lesbian mothers, [w:] F. W. Bozzet
(ed.), Gay and lesbian parents, Praeger, London.
Tasker F. L, Golombok S. (1997), Growing Up in a Lesbian Family. Effects on Child Development,
The Guilford Press, New York–London.
Tasker F. L. (2005), Lesbian Mothers, Gay Fathers, and Their Children: A Review, “Developmental
And Behavioral Pediatrics”, Vol. 26, No. 3.
Tasker F., Golombok S. (1995), Adult raised as children in lesbian families, “American Journal
of Orthopsychiatry”, 65, 203–215.
Tatarkiewicz W. (2002), Historia filozofii. Tom pierwszy. Filozofia starożytna i średniowieczna, Wyd. Naukowe PWN, Gdańsk.
Tomalski P. (2007), Nietypowe rodziny. O parach gejów i lesbijek oraz ich dzieciach z perspektywy
teorii przywiązania, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa.
Vanfraussen K., Ponjaert-Kristoffersen I., Brewaeys A. (2001), An attempt to reconstruct children’s donor concept: a comparison between children’s and lesbian parents‘ attitudes toward donor anonymity, “Human Reproduction”, 16(9), 2019–2025.
Vanfraussen K., Ponjaert-Kristoffersen I., Brewaeys A. (2002), What does it mean for youngsters
to grow up in a lesbian created by means of donor insemination?, “Journal Reproductive and Infant Psychology”, 20, 237–252.
Vanfraussen K., Ponjaert-Kristoffersen I., Brewaeys A. (2003), Family functioning in lesbian families created by donor insemination, “American Journal of Orthopsychiatry”, 73, 78–90.
Weeks R. B., Derdeyn A. P. i Langman M. (1975), Two cases of children of homosexuals, “Child Psychology and Human Development”, 6, 26–32.
Wyers N. L. (1987), Homosexuality in the family: lesbian and gay spouses, “Social Work”, 32, 143–148.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Stats
Number of views and downloads: 1038
Number of citations: 0