Peasant resistance to the state reforms – 1905–1964
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12775/EO.2015.006Słowa kluczowe
światowe rozwiązania, bunt, przemówienia, rajdy, kołchozy, spółdzielnie rolnicze, statut, protokoły posiedzeń zarządu i walnych zgromadzeń kołchozu pracowników, dyscyplina pracyAbstrakt
Opór chłopski wobec reform państwowych z lat 1905–1964
W artykule omówiono aktywne i pasywne formy chłopskiego oporu skierowanego przeciwko państwowej polityce przekształceń w rolnictwie rosyjskim w XX wieku. Aktywne formy oporu zostały potraktowane jako działania zbiorowe niższych warstw i grup społecznych, w których odzwierciedlały się ich interesy społeczno- -gospodarcze i polityczne. Opór przejawiał się w kilku formach: pokojowych wystąpieniach, lokalnych powstaniach, buntach, manifestacjach i wiecach. Na podstawie analizy zawartości Statutów kołchozowych kolektywów i ich zgodności z protokołami Walnego Zgromadzenia i posiedzeń Rady Pracowników, autorzy opisują różne naruszenia dyscypliny pracy oraz zbiorowe dozwolone wystąpienia, omawiają reakcję Zarządów kołchozów na te naruszenia, ich przyczyny i skutki. Występujące wśród kołchozowego aktywu zjawiska naruszenia dyscypliny pracy i złe obchodzenie się z kołchozowym majątkiem zostały zakwalifikowane przez autorów jako formy biernego oporu wobec reform agrarnych prowadzonych przez władze państwa.
Summary Peasant resistance to the state reforms – 1905–1964
Active and passive forms of peasant resistance to the state agrarian reforms in the period of XX century are considered in this article. Active forms of resistance are considered as collective activities of the lowest section and groups of population, expressing their social- economic and political interests publicly: in village-community verdicts, revolts, performances, meetings. Analysis of the collective-farm Rules and its observance according to the records of common meetings of collective farmers and management board of collective-farms (1953–1964) allowed authors to characterize different breaches of labour discipline and damage of kolkhoz property, consequences and the reasons of breaches. The breaches of labour discipline and the damage of kolkhoz property are considered as the forms of passive resistance to the state agrarian reforms.
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